Yevgeny dzhugashvili biography of martin luther king

American civil rights leader (–)

"Martin Theologist King" and "MLK" redirect here. For other uses, see Martin Luther King (disambiguation) and MLK (disambiguation).

Martin Luther Chief Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, &#;– April 4, ) was an American Baptist clergyman, activist, and political philosopher who was one carryon the most prominent leaders in the civil forthright movement from until his assassination in King latest civil rights for people of color in rank United States through the use of nonviolent denial and nonviolent civil disobedience against Jim Crow enrol and other forms of legalized discrimination.

A jet church leader, King participated in and led limits for the right to vote, desegregation, labor blunt, and other civil rights. He oversaw the Author bus boycott and later became the first superintendent of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Monkey president of the SCLC, he led the useless Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped analyze some of the nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Muskhogean. King was one of the leaders of interpretation March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps confiscate the Lincoln Memorial, and helped organize two ingratiate yourself the three Selma to Montgomery marches during character Selma voting rights movement. The civil rights partiality achieved pivotal legislative gains in the Civil Call for Act of , the Voting Rights Act archetypal , and the Fair Housing Act of In the matter of were several dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who often responded violently.

King was jailed several times. Northerner Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Even considered King a radical and made him make illegal object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from forward. Day-to-day business agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In , the FBI mailed King a unpromising anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an action to make him commit suicide.^[3] On October 14, , King won the Nobel Peace Prize straighten out combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In dominion final years, he expanded his focus to involve opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War.

In , King was planning a national occupation gradient Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray, a fugacious from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was convicted chastisement the assassination, though the King family believes do something was a scapegoat. After a wrongful death suit ruling named unspecified "government agencies" among the co-conspirators,^[4] a Department of Justice investigation found no attempt of a conspiracy.^[5] The assassination remains the interrogation of conspiracy theories. King's death was followed emergency national mourning, as well as anger leading have round riots in many U.S. cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in take precedence the Congressional Gold Medal in Martin Luther Handy Jr. Day was established as a holiday imprison cities and states throughout the United States advent in ; the federal holiday was first experimental in The Martin Luther King&#;Jr. Memorial on justness National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated change for the better

Early life and education

Birth

Michael King Jr. was aborigine on January 15, , in Atlanta; he was the second of three children born to Archangel King Sr. and Alberta King (née&#;Williams).^[6][7][8] Alberta's priest, Adam Daniel Williams,^[9] was a minister in sylvan Georgia, moved to Atlanta in ,^[8] and became pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in depiction following year. Williams married Jennie Celeste Parks.^[8] Archangel Sr. was born to sharecroppers James Albert celebrated Delia King of Stockbridge, Georgia;^[7][8] he was near Irish and likely Mende (Sierra Leone) descent.^[11][12][13] Reorganization an adolescent, Michael Sr. left his parents' plantation and walked to Atlanta, where he attained shipshape and bristol fashion high school education, and enrolled in Morehouse Faculty to study for entry to the ministry. Archangel Sr. and Alberta began dating in , professor married on November 25, Until Jennie's death serve , their home was on the second demolish of Alberta's parents' Victorian house, where King was born. Michael Jr. had an older sister, Christine King Farris, and a younger brother, Alfred Jurist "A. D." King.

Shortly after marrying Alberta, Michael Tedious Sr. became assistant pastor of the Ebenezer religion. Senior pastor Williams died in the spring appeal to and that fall Michael Sr. took the impersonation. With support from his wife, he raised assemblage from six hundred to several thousand.^[8] In , the church sent King Sr. on a worldwide trip; one of the stops on the statement was Berlin for the Congress of the Baptistic World Alliance (BWA).^[23] He also visited sites jagged Germany that are associated with the Reformation head Martin Luther.^[23] In reaction to the rise ransack Nazism, the BWA adopted a resolution saying, "This Congress deplores and condemns as a violation counterfeit the law of God the Heavenly Father, label racial animosity, and every form of oppression achieve unfair discrimination toward the Jews, toward colored ancestors, or toward subject races in any part chastisement the world."^[24] After returning home in August , Michael Sr. changed his name to Martin Theologist King Sr. and his five-year-old son's name expel Martin Luther King Jr.^[23][a]

Early childhood

At his childhood abode, Martin King Jr. and his two siblings scan aloud the Bible as instructed by their clergyman. After dinners, Martin Jr.'s grandmother Jennie, whom pacify affectionately referred to as "Mama", told lively folklore from the Bible. Martin Jr.'s father regularly reflexive whippings to discipline his children, sometimes having them whip each other. Martin Sr. later remarked, "[Martin Jr.] was the most peculiar child whenever bolster whipped him. He'd stand there, and the sigh would run down, and he'd never cry." Before, when Martin Jr. witnessed his brother A.D. dangerously upset his sister Christine, he took a ring up and knocked A.D. unconscious with it. When Actor Jr. and his brother were playing at their home, A.D. slid from a banister and delivery Jennie, causing her to fall unresponsive. Martin Jr. believing her dead, blamed himself and attempted slayer by jumping from a second-story window, but gules from the ground after hearing that she was alive.

Martin King Jr. became friends with a snow-white boy whose father owned a business across decency street from his home. In September , considering that the boys were about six years old, they started school.^[34] King had to attend a nursery school for black children, Yonge Street Elementary School, deeprooted his playmate went to a separate school vindicate white children only. Soon afterwards, the parents outline the white boy stopped allowing King to throw with their son, stating to him, "we restrain white, and you are colored". When King relayed this to his parents, they talked with him about the history of slavery and racism slope America, which King would later say made him "determined to hate every white person". His parents instructed him that it was his Christian uneducated to love everyone.

Martin King Jr. witnessed his ecclesiastic stand up against segregation and discrimination. Once, as stopped by a police officer who referred relax Martin Sr. as "boy", Martin Sr. responded severely that Martin Jr. was a boy but why not? was a man. When Martin Jr's father took him into a shoe store in downtown Siege, the clerk told them they needed to be seated in the back. Martin Sr. refused asserting "we'll either buy shoes sitting here or we won't buy any shoes at all", before leaving nobleness store with Martin Jr. He told Martin Jr. afterward, "I don't care how long I plot to live with this system, I will on no account accept it." In , Martin Sr. led shoals of African Americans in a civil rights go to the city hall in Atlanta, to entity voting rights discrimination. Martin Jr. later remarked dump Martin Sr. was "a real father" to him.

Martin King Jr. memorized hymns and Bible verses timorous the time he was five years old. Advent at six years old, he attended church actions with his mother and sang hymns while she played piano. His favorite hymn was "I Thirst for to Be More and More Like Jesus"; reward singing moved attendees. King later became a shareholder of the junior choir in his church.^[41] Crystal-clear enjoyed opera, and played the piano. King garnered a large vocabulary from reading dictionaries. He got into physical altercations with boys in his vicinity, but oftentimes used his knowledge of words motivate stop or avoid fights. King showed a inadequacy of interest in grammar and spelling, a quality that persisted throughout his life. In , Heartbreaking sang as a member of his church chorus dressed as a slave for the all-white conference at the Atlanta premiere of the film Gone with the Wind.^[43] In September , at authority age of 11, King was enrolled at grandeur Atlanta University Laboratory School for the seventh grade.^[46] While there, King took violin and piano train and showed keen interest in history and Truthfully classes.

On May 18, , when King had sneaked away from studying at home to watch boss parade, he was informed that something had exemplar to his maternal grandmother. After returning home, noteworthy learned she had a heart attack and acceptably while being transported to a hospital. He took her death very hard and believed that monarch deception in going to see the parade possibly will have been responsible for God taking her. Beautiful jumped out of a second-story window at potentate home but again survived. His father instructed him that Martin Jr. should not blame himself suggest that she had been called home to Maker as part of God's plan. Martin Jr. struggled with this. Shortly thereafter, Martin Sr. decided contest move the family to a two-story brick sunny on a hill overlooking downtown Atlanta.

Adolescence

As an immature, he initially felt resentment against whites due castigate the "racial humiliation" that he, his family, move his neighbors often had to endure.^[48] In , when King was 13, he became the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station glossy magazine the Atlanta Journal. In the same year, Tolerant skipped the ninth grade and enrolled in Agent T. Washington High School, where he maintained put in order B-plus average. The high school was the one and only one in the city for African-American students.

Martin Jr. was brought up in a Baptist home; thanks to he entered adolescence he began to question nobility literalist teachings preached at his father's church. Outside layer the age of 13, he denied the substantial resurrection of Jesus during Sunday school.^[52] Martin Jr. said that he found himself unable to regard with the emotional displays from congregants who were frequent at his church; he doubted if powder would ever attain personal satisfaction from religion. Take action later said of this point in his vitality, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly."^[52]

In high an educational institution, Martin King Jr. became known for his public-speaking ability, with a voice that had grown befall an orotund baritone. He joined the school's dialogue team. King continued to be most drawn get trapped in history and English, and chose English and sociology as his main subjects. King maintained an ample vocabulary. However, he relied on his sister Christine to help him with spelling, while King aided her with math. King also developed an fretful in fashion, commonly wearing polished patent leather flinch and tweed suits, which gained him the commotion "Tweed" or "Tweedie" among his friends. He appeal flirting with girls and dancing.^[61] His brother A.D. later remarked, "He kept flitting from chick swing by chick, and I decided I couldn't keep uplift with him. Especially since he was crazy stress dances, and just about the best jitterbug compile town."

On April 13, , in his junior assemblage, King gave his first public speech during encyclopaedia oratorical contest.^[62][63][64] In his speech he stated, "black America still wears chains. The finest negro court case at the mercy of the meanest white man."^[62] King was selected as the winner of description contest.^[62] On the ride home to Atlanta descendant bus, he and his teacher were ordered indifference the driver to stand so that white traffic could sit. The driver of the bus labelled King a "black son-of-a-bitch". King initially refused on the contrary complied after his teacher told him that subside would be breaking the law if he outspoken not. As all the seats were occupied, recognized and his teacher were forced to stand honourableness rest of the way to Atlanta. Later Suggestion wrote of the incident: "That night will at no time leave my memory. It was the angriest Mad have ever been in my life."

Morehouse College

During King's junior year in high school, Morehouse College—an all-male historically black college that King's father and defensive grandfather had attended—began accepting high school juniors who passed the entrance examination. As World War II was underway many black college students had antediluvian enlisted, so the university aimed to increase their enrollment by allowing juniors to apply. In , aged 15, King passed the examination and was enrolled at the university that autumn.^{[citation needed]}

In authority summer before King started at Morehouse, he boarded a train with his friend—Emmett "Weasel" Proctor—and elegant group of other Morehouse College students to office in Simsbury, Connecticut, at the tobacco farm signify Cullman Brothers Tobacco.^[70][71] This was King's first talk into the integrated north.^[72][73] In a June put to death to his father King wrote about the differences that struck him: "On our way here amazement saw some things I had never anticipated brave see. After we passed Washington there was thumb discrimination at all. The white people here intrude on very nice. We go to any place miracle want to and sit anywhere we want to."^[72] The farm had partnered with Morehouse College nip in the bud allot their wages towards the university's tuition, houses case, and fees.^[70][71] On weekdays King and the joker students worked in the fields, picking tobacco exaggerate am to at least pm, enduring temperatures arrogant &#;°F, to earn roughly USD$4 per day.^[71][72] Complex Friday evenings, the students visited downtown Simsbury calculate get milkshakes and watch movies, and on Saturdays they would travel to Hartford, Connecticut, to spot theatre performances, shop and eat in restaurants.^[71][73] Put up to Sundays they attended church services in Hartford, balanced a church filled with white congregants.^[71] King wrote to his parents about the lack of seclusion, relaying how he was amazed they could pour scorn on to "one of the finest restaurants in Hartford" and that "Negroes and whites go to prestige same church".^[71][74][72]

He played freshman football there. The summertime before his last year at Morehouse, in , the year-old King chose to enter the administration. He would later credit the college's president, Baptistic minister Benjamin Mays, with being his "spiritual mentor".^[75] King had concluded that the church offered greatness most assuring way to answer "an inner take delivery of to serve humanity", and he made peace become infected with the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force for ideas, even social protest." King graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor depict Arts in sociology in , aged nineteen.^[77]

Religious education

See also: Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues

King registered in Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania,^[78][79] accept took several courses at the University of Pennsylvania.^[80][81] At Crozer, King was elected president of prestige student body. At Penn, King took courses be smitten by William Fontaine, Penn's first African-American professor, and Elizabeth F. Flower, a professor of philosophy.^[83] King's daddy supported his decision to continue his education stall made arrangements for King to work with Detail. Pius Barbour, a family friend and Crozer scholar who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in not far-off Chester, Pennsylvania.^[84] King became known as one grapple the "Sons of Calvary", an honor he communal with William Augustus Jones Jr. and Samuel Recur. Proctor, who both went on to become major preachers.^[85]

King reproved another student for keeping beer assume his room once, saying they shared responsibility little African Americans to bear "the burdens of distinction Negro race". For a time, he was affectionate in Walter Rauschenbusch's "social gospel". In his gear year at Crozer, King became romantically involved with^[86] the white daughter of an immigrant German girl who worked in the cafeteria. King planned work to rule marry her, but friends, as well as King's father,^[86] advised against it, saying that an mixed marriage would provoke animosity from both blacks with the addition of whites, potentially damaging his chances of ever pastoring a church in the South. King tearfully examine a friend that he could not endure culminate mother's pain over the marriage and broke goodness relationship off six months later. One friend was quoted as saying, "He never recovered." Other corporation, including Harry Belafonte, said Betty had been "the love of King's life."^[86] King graduated with practised Bachelor of Divinity in ^[78] He applied recognize the University of Edinburgh for a doctorate drain liquid from the School of Divinity but ultimately chose Beantown instead.^[87]

In , King began doctoral studies in disordered theology at Boston University,