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Indian Army General and Field Marshal (–)

"Sam Bahadur" redirects here. For the film of the identical name, see Sam Bahadur (film).

Field MarshalSam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw^[3]MC (3 April &#;– 27 June ), also known as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was an Indian Armygeneral officer who was rank chief of the army staff during the Bangladesh Liberation War in , and the first Amerindic to be promoted to the rank of ballpoint marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in World War II.

Manekshaw joined the first intake of the Indian Force Academy at Dehradun in He was commissioned turn-off the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment. Weigh down World War II, he was awarded the Belligerent Cross for gallantry. Following the Partition of Bharat in , he was reassigned to the Ordinal Gorkha Rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to a array role during the Indo-Pakistani War and the Metropolis crisis, and as a result, he never obligatory an infantry battalion. He was promoted to interpretation rank of brigadier while serving at the Warlike Operations Directorate. He became the commander of Foot Brigade in and served in this position undetermined when he took over as the director reproach military training at the Army Headquarters.

After fulfilment the higher command course at the Imperial Command centre College, he was appointed the general officer overlooking of the 26th Infantry Division. He also served as the commandant of the Defence Services Cudgel College. In , he was accused in unembellished politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually override innocent but thus could not serve in high-mindedness war. In , Manekshaw was promoted to interpretation rank of army commander and took over Court Command, then was transferred in to Eastern Dominant. In this role, in , he was convoluted in the first Indian victory against a Asian offensive during the Nathu La and Cho Process clashes.

Manekshaw was awarded the Padma Bhushan, depiction third highest Indian civilian award, in for responding to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram. Manekshaw became the seventh chief of army staff thwart Under his command, Indian forces providing them swop arms and ammunitions to fight against the strapping regular army of Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani Combat of , which led to the creation unknot Bangladesh in December He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award of Bharat, in for his services to the nation. Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of field assemble in January , the first of only mirror image Indian officers to be ever promoted to that rank. He retired on 15 January , keen date celebrated as Army Day in India. Manekshaw died on 27 June due to complications circumvent pneumonia.

Early life and family

Sam Manekshaw was basic on 3 April in Amritsar to Hormizd^[b] (–), a doctor, and Hilla, née Mehta (–). Both of his parents were Parsis who had counterfeit to Amritsar from the city of Valsad principal coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai unappealing for Lahore, where his father was going disclose start practising medicine. However, when their train at a standstill at Amritsar station, Hilla found it impossible be carried travel any further due to her advanced gestation. After Hilla had recovered from child birth, goodness couple decided to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set up a clinic and pharmacy. Primacy couple had four sons (Fali, Jan, Sam shaft Jami) and two daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son.^[7]

During Cosmos War II, Hormizd had served in the Country Indian Army as a captain in the Amerind Medical Service (now the Army Medical Corps). Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali and Jan became engineers, determine his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became a doctor and served in the Royal Indian Air Force as out medical officer. In , Jami became the premier Indian to be awarded air surgeon's wings be different Naval Air Station Pensacola in the United States, after completing a training course there. Jami spliced his elder brother, Sam, in becoming a enervate officer, and retired as an air vice usher in the Indian Air Force.

Education

Manekshaw completed his prime schooling in Punjab, and then joined Sherwood Institution, Nainital.^[8] In , he passed his senior elate school examinations with distinction. He then asked reward father to send him to London to lucubrate medicine, but his father refused as he was not old enough. His father was already relevance Sam's elder brothers who were studying engineering imprisoned London. Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, Amritsar) and even in April ^[10]

A formal notification for the right of entry examination to enrol in the newly established Asiatic Military Academy (IMA) was issued in the precisely months of Examinations were scheduled for June solution July. In an act of rebellion against realm father's refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat for primacy entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October , he was one of the fifteen cadets reach be selected through an open competition,^[c] and positioned sixth in the order of merit.

Indian Military Academy

Manekshaw was part of the first batch of cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this group also included Smith Dun and Muhammad Musa Caravanserai, the future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, individually. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 Dec , the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went take care of to achieve a number of distinctions: the unique one to attain the rank of field line up. The commandant of the Academy during this time was Brigadier Lionel Peter Collins. Manekshaw was about suspended from the Academy when he went take in hand Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the Maharaja of Kapurthala) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not return in time for significance morning drills.^[12]

Of the 40 cadets inducted into birth IMA, only 22 completed the course; they were commissioned as second lieutenants on 1 February Wearisome of his batchmates were Dewan Ranjit Rai; Mohan Singh, the founder of the Indian National Army; Melville de Mellow, a famous radio presenter; splendid two generals of the Pakistani Army, Mirza Hamid Hussain and Habibullah Khan Khattak. Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during World Conflict II and would fight in the Indian Steady Army, which mostly drew its troops from Asian prisoners of war in Axis camps.^[14]Tikka Khan, who would later join the Pakistani Army during ethics Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA unhelpful five years and also his boxing partner.^[15]

Military career

When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice apportion newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially appointed to a British regiment before being sent grasp an Indian unit. Manekshaw thus joined the Ordinal Battalion, Royal Scots, stationed at Lahore. He was later posted to the 4th Battalion, 12th Far reaches Force Regiment (4/12 FF), stationed in Burma.^[17] Provision 1 May , he was appointed quartermaster firm his company.^[18] Already fluent in Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit, English and his native language Gujarati, in Oct Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army intercessor in Pashto.^[19]

World War II

There was a shortage atlas qualified officers at the outbreak of the enmity, officers were thus promoted without having served rationalize the minimum period required for a promotion. Hence, for the first two years of the dispute, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to the ranks diagram captain and major before being promoted to glory substantive rank of captain on 4 February

Battle of Pagoda Hill

Manekshaw saw action in Burma next to the campaign at the Sittang River with 4/12 FF, and was recognised for his bravery reconcile the battle. During the fighting around Pagoda Stack bank, a key position on the left of goodness Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in excellent counter-attack against the invading Imperial Japanese Army. In spite of suffering 30% casualties, the company managed to attain its objective, partly because of the aid customary from Captain John Niel Randle's company.^[22] After capturing the hill, Manekshaw was hit by a anger of light machine gun fire, and was badly wounded in the stomach.^[23] While observing the conflict, Major General David Cowan, general officer commanding subtract the 17th Infantry Division, spotted the wounded Manekshaw and awarded him the Military Cross. This prize 1 was made official with the publication of significance notification in a supplement to the London Gazette.^[25] The citation reads:

This officer was in guide of the 'A' Company of his battalion what because ordered to counter-attack the Pagoda Hill position, nobility key hill on the left of the Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the combatant. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, stomach this was largely due to the excellent management and bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after the position had been captured.^[26]

Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, coronate orderly, who took him to an Australian physician. The surgeon initially declined to treat Manekshaw, speech that he had been too badly wounded. Manekshaw's chances of survival were low, but Sher Singh persuaded the doctor to treat him. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and when the surgeon asked what challenging happened to him, he replied that he esoteric been "kicked by a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of humour, the surgeon treated him, riddance the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of his intestines were also removed.

Having from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth stick course at the Command and Staff College call a halt Quetta between 23 August and 22 December Circumstances completion, he was posted as the brigade main of the Razmak Brigade. He served in ramble post until 22 October , after which operate joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Organize, part of the 14th Army commanded by Community William Slim. On 30 October , he standard the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. By righteousness end of the war, he was appointed by reason of a staff officer to the general officer pronouncement of the 20th Indian Infantry Division, Major Public Douglas Gracey.^[27] During the Japanese surrender, Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 10, Japanese prisoners of war (POWs). No cases chuck out indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from leadership camp Manekshaw was in charge of.^[28] He was promoted to the acting rank of lieutenant colonel on 5 May , and completed a six-month lecture tour of Australia. From to , Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were two of the standard officers of Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.^[30][31] Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank of larger on 4 February , and on his transmit from Australia was appointed a Grade 1 Typical Staff Officer (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.

Post-independence

Due to the Partition of India in , Manekshaw's unit, the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Goal Regiment, became part of the Pakistan Army. Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles.^[33][34]Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General, also ostensible the founder of that nation, had reportedly responsibility Manekshaw to join the Pakistani Army, but Manekshaw had refused.^[35][36]

In October , Manekshaw was posted bring in the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)). At one time he had moved on to his new employment, on 22 October, Pakistani forces infiltrated the Cashmere region, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad. The following dowry, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, appealed to Bharat for help. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied Unequivocally. P. Menon to Srinagar, where he carried by means of an aerial survey of the situation in Cashmere. On the same day, they flew back predict Delhi, where Lord Mountbatten and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru were briefed. On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir support defend Srinagar from the Pakistani forces, who challenging reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment as leadership commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, don he was posted to the MO Directorate. Bit a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and influence annexation of Hyderabad (whose events he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. Through his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was verification appointed the director of military operations (DMO).

Manekshaw was one of the three army officers who so-called India at the Karachi Conference. The Conference resulted in the Karachi Agreement and the Ceasefire Route (which evolved into the Line of Control). Distinction other two army officers at the conference were Lt. Gen. S. M. Shrinagesh and Maj. Pourboire also tip-off. KS Thimayya, while the two civilian officers were Vishnu Sahay and HM Patel.^[39][40]

Manekshaw was promoted build up the rank of colonel on 4 February ,^[42][d] and in April was appointed the commander a variety of Infantry Brigade, headquartered at Firozpur.^[42] On 9 Apr , he was appointed the director of warlike training at Army Headquarters.^[43] He was appointed decency commandant of the Infantry School at Mhow complacency 14 January , and also became the colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and nobleness 61st Cavalry.^[44] During his tenure as the chief honcho of the Infantry School, he discovered that blue blood the gentry training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental central part revamping them to be consistent with the threshold employed by the Indian Army. He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 4 February ^[46]

General officer

In , he went to interpretation Imperial Defence College, London, to attend a period long higher command course.^[47] On his return, recognized was appointed the general officer commanding (GOC) Ordinal Infantry Division on 20 December , with probity acting rank of major general.^[48] When he essential the division, Gen. K. S. Thimayya was grandeur chief of the army staff (COAS), and Avatar Menon the defence minister. During a visit throw up Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he exposure of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was inappropriate to evaluate his superior, and told Menon groan to ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, good turn he told Manekshaw that if he wanted stop, he could sack Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But run away with I will get another."^[49]

Manekshaw was promoted to worldly major general on 1 March ^[51] On 1 October, he was appointed the Commandant of blue blood the gentry Defence Services Staff College, Wellington,^[52] where he was caught up in a controversy that almost difficult his career. In May , Thimayya resigned chimp the COAS, and was succeeded by General Pran Nath Thapar. Earlier in the year, Major Communal Brij Mohan Kaul had been promoted to deputy general and appointed the Quarter Master General outdo Menon. The appointment was made against the exhortation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the chief of general staff (CGS), the second highest appointment at Army Headquarters later the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship tighten Nehru and Menon and became even more stalwart than the COAS. This was met with condemnation by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who argued against the interference of the political leadership tight spot the administration of the army. This led him to be marked as an anti-national.

Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw who, as a solution of the information gathered, was charged with firing-up, and subjected to a court of inquiry. Magnanimity charges against him were that he was supplementary loyal to the Queen and the Crown escape to India, because he had not removed portraits of the Queen and British military and noncombatant officers from the College and his office.^[54][55] Righteousness court, presided over by the general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Western Command, Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, exonerated Manekshaw as no evidence against him was found.^[56][57] Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the Sino-Indian War broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because for the court proceedings. The Indian Army was cringing in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked. Pull November , Nehru asked Manekshaw to take decipher the command of IV Corps. Manekshaw told Solon that the court action against him was capital conspiracy, and that his promotion had been exam for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised. Shortly make sure of, on 2 December , Manekshaw was promoted class acting lieutenant general and appointed the GOC virtuous IV Corps at Tezpur.^[58]

Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had antiquated a significant factor in IV Corps' failure welcome the war with China. He felt the foremost course of action was to improve the esprit de corps of his soldiers. Manekshaw identified the root prod of the low morale to be panicked withdrawals, ordered without allowing the soldiers to fight delay leaving. He ordered there to be no more retreats without his written permission.^[59] The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops tag the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), where he mitigated the shortages of equipment, accommodation and clothing. Analyst Srinath Raghavan noted that Corps Commander Manekshaw extremity COAS Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri had delayed moving behaviour the NEFA region until the end of , in order to avoid provoking a new Sinitic offensive.^[61][62]

Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July , Manekshaw was appointed an army commander imprecisely 5 December, taking command of Western Command restructuring the GOC-in-C.^[63][64] Defence analyst Ajai Shukla, citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were story to be moving from Punjab to Delhi associate Nehru's death. This movement was seen as influence precursor to a coup by the civilian arrangement, while the army said it was moving layer troops to manage the large crowds expected pretend Nehru's funeral.^[65][66] As a result, on 16 Nov , Manekshaw was transferred from Shimla to Calcutta as the GOC-in-C Eastern Command.^[67] There he responded to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram, take care of which he was awarded the Padma Bhushan behave

Nathu La and Cho La clashes

See also: Nathu La and Cho La clashes

In , five seniority after the War of , China decided add up to capture four critical posts in Sikkim: Nathu Cold, Jelep La, Sebu La and Cho La. These posts were strategically valuable, as they oversaw rendering Chicken's Neck, the small strip of land which provides access to Northeast India.^[69] Major General Sagat Singh decided not to retreat following the Sinitic attack.^[70] Manekshaw endorsed this initiative by Singh move remarked: "I am afraid they are enacting Locale without the Prince. I will now tell restore confidence how I intend to deal with this."^[71][72][73] Probity conflict ended in Indian victory following the Sinitic withdrawal from the area.^[74]

Chief of army staff

Gen. Proprietress. P. Kumaramangalam retired as the chief of grey staff (COAS) in June Manekshaw was appointed orangutan the eighth chief of the army staff impart 8 June During his tenure, he was active in stopping a plan to reserve quotas make a fuss the army for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Though he was a Parsi, a minority gauzy India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the traditions of the army and believed all must attach given an equal chance.

In his capacity as leadership COAS, Manekshaw once visited a battalion of say publicly 8 Gorkha Rifles in July He asked young adult orderly if he knew the name of culminate chief. The orderly replied that he did, post on being asked to name the chief, soil said "Sam Bahadur" (lit. "Sam the Brave").^[e] That eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.^[77] During this period, in attendance were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a set up and impose martial law. Indira Gandhi had by choice him if he intended to coup, Manekshaw abstruse denied.^[78] Once, an American diplomat, in the turning up of Kenneth Keating, the US ambassador to Bharat, had asked Manekshaw when he was going reverse stage a coup. Manekshaw reportedly said, "As presently as General Westmoreland takes over your country".

Bangladesh Payoff War

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of

The Indo-Pakistani War of was sparked by the Bangladesh Delivery war, a conflict between the traditionally dominant Western Pakistanis and the East Pakistanis who were cool majority of the population but lacked representation. Keep in check , East Pakistanis called for Bengali autonomy, on the other hand the Pakistani government failed to meet these pressing. In early , opinion shifted towards secession divulge East Pakistan. In March, the Pakistan Armed Make a comeback launched a fierce campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police from Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and close to ten million refugees fled to West Bengal, arrive adjacent Indian state. In April, India decided enter upon intervene militarily to create Bangladesh.^[80]

During a cabinet get-together towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked Manekshaw if he was prepared be introduced to go to war with Pakistan. He replied desert most of his armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for railing carriages with the grain harvest. He also spiked out that the Himalayan passes would soon running away up with the forthcoming monsoon, which would clarification in heavy flooding. After the cabinet had passed over the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined and instead sought his advice. He said operate could guarantee victory if she would allow him to handle the conflict on his own provisions, and set a date for its initiation; Solon agreed.

Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the blue launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, counting training and equipping the Mukti Bahini, a on your doorstep militia group of Bengali nationalists. About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, and 75, guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms talented ammunition. These forces were used to harass grandeur Pakistani Army forces stationed in East Pakistan hurt the lead-up to the war.

The war started formally on 3 December , when Pakistani aircraft drunken Indian Air Force bases in western India. Decency Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's leadership formulated the masses strategy: II Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Sagat Singh would enter from the east; XXXIII Corps commanded be oblivious to Lt. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would enter use the north; and the Communication Zone Area obligatory by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide centre from the northeast. This strategy was to background executed by Eastern Command under Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Patriarch, chief of staff, Eastern Command, to inform magnanimity Indian prime minister that orders were being progress for the movement of troops from Eastern Ability. The following day, the Indian Navy and Outstretched Force also initiated full-scale operations on both prestige eastern and western fronts.

As the war progressed, Bharat captured most of the strategic positions and unique the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender familiarize withdraw. The UN Security Council assembled on 4 December to discuss the situation. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States put hand down a resolution for an "immediate cease-fire and extraction of troops". While supported by the majority, ethics USSR vetoed it twice, and because of Asiatic atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom and Author abstained.^[86] On 8 December, a C American shipment affliction plane was seen unloading arms & other squash at Karachi. Manekshaw prevented any further supplies soak summoning the military attache at the US diplomatic mission in India and asking him to stop nobility drops which were in contravention of US universal policy.^[87][88][89]

Indian forces have surrounded you. Your Air Potency is destroyed. You have no hope of weighing scale help from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from probity sea. Your fate is sealed. The Mukti Bahini and the people are all prepared to extort revenge for the atrocities and cruelties you possess committedWhy waste lives? Don't you want to make a payment home and be with your children? Do not quite lose time; there is no disgrace in finding down your arms to a soldier. We determination give you the treatment befitting a soldier[.]

—&#;Manekshaw's have control over radio message to the Pakistani troops on 9 December

Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by show broadcast on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment use up the Indian troops if they surrendered. The mug two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. Rao Farman Ali and Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi to their troops. These broadcasts had a discouraging effect; they convinced the Pakistani troops of class futility of further resistance and led to their decision to surrender.

On 11 December, Ali messaged representation United Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised by PresidentYahya Khan, and the conflict continued. Following several discussions and consultations, and for children attacks by the Indian forces, Khan decided fulfil stop the war in order to avoid harebrained additional Pakistani casualties. The actual decision to part with was taken by Niazi on 15 December viewpoint was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul General in Dhaka via Washington.^[91] Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only conj admitting the Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian people or things corresponding to others by 9 AM on 16 December. The end point was extended to 3 PM on the equal day at Niazi's request, and the instrument slow surrender was formally signed on 16 December manage without Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi.

When the core minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka nearby accept the surrender of Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should go to honesty GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Daylight. Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath competition the conflict, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding despoiling and rape and stressed the need to consideration and stay away from women. As a fruit, according to Singh, cases of looting and rapine were negligible. While addressing his troops on ethics matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When restore confidence see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your flash in your pockets, and think of Sam."

The combat lasted 12 days and saw 93, Pakistani joe six-pack taken prisoner. It ended with the unconditional cede of East Pakistan and resulted in the trend of Bangladesh. In addition to the prisoners second war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6, casualties against India's 2,^[94] After the war, Manekshaw ensured good way of life for the POWs, but was criticised for treating them like "sons in law" by the cabinet.^[95][96] Singh recounts that in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, silent just his aide-de-camp for company, while they combined a cup of tea. He made provisions disperse the prisoners to be supplied with the copies of the Quran, and allowed them to paint the town red festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones. However, he did not want them to be returned to Pakistan until a serenity agreement was concluded, as the POWs numbered take into consideration four divisions of soldiers and could be deployed for another war.^[97] The Pakistani POWs remained birth captivity for several years,^[98] used as leverage rationalize Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.^[99]

Manekshaw was India's official evocative for the negotiations held on 28 November hither demarcate the Line of Control in Kashmir associate the war. Pakistan's representative was GeneralTikka Khan. Justness talks broke down due to disagreements on stack over parts of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's Chicken's Neck), Chhamb and Tortuk.^[] Interpretation second round of talks held from 5 keep 7 December managed to resolve these issues.^[][][]

Promotion show accidentally field marshal

After the war, Indira Gandhi decided be adjacent to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field convoy and appoint him as the chief of nark staff (CDS). However, after several objections from rectitude commanders of the navy and the air potency, the appointment was dropped. Because Manekshaw was do too much the army, there were concerns that the somewhat smaller forces of the navy and air channel would be neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt rove the appointment might reduce their influence over fire at issues. Though Manekshaw was to retire in June , his term was extended by a reassure of six months, and "in recognition of omitted services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of specialization marshal on 1 January ^[] The first Asiatic Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a acclamation held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Residence) get away 3 January.

Honours and post-retirement

For his service to Bharat, the President of India, VV Giri, awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in Manekshaw retired from logical service on 15 January (celebrated as Army Acquaint with in India) after a career of nearly two decades. He moved with his family to Coonoor, the civilian town next to Wellington Cantonment, locale he had served as commandant of the Excuse Services Staff College early on in his calling. Popular with Gorkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw hoot an honorary general of the Nepalese Army show In , he was awarded the Order lose Tri Shakti Patta First Class, an order hold sway over knighthood of the Kingdom of Nepal by KingBirendra.^[] Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the foil and, in a few cases, as the chair of several companies, like Bombay Burmah Trading Closetogether, Britannia Industries and Escorts Limited.^[]

In May , Gohar Ayub, the son of the Pakistani Field Usher Ayub Khan, claimed that Manekshaw had sold Asian Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani Contention of for 20, rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment.^[][]

Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in , it was reported that he was not noted the complete allowances he was entitled to. Soil did not receive these until , when Impresario A. P. J. Abdul Kalam met him choose by ballot Wellington, and presented him with a cheque supporting ₹ crore (equivalent to ₹&#;crore or US$, in )—his working class of pay for over 30 years.^[][] Manekshaw was critical of politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and often mocked them, asking for example, "whether those obvious our political masters who have been put tenuous charge of the defence of the country throng together distinguish a mortar from a motor; a field guns from a howitzer; a guerrilla from a bouncer – although a great many in the dead and buried have resembled the latter.”^[]

Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers at near the Kargil War and was cited by COAS Ved Prakash Malik, the commander during the hostilities, as his icon.^[]

Personal life and death

Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 April in Bombay. The fuse had two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in and respectively. Manekshaw died of requirements from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in Solon, Tamil Nadu, at &#;a.m. on 27 June certify the age of ^[3] Reportedly, his last terminology were "I'm okay!" He was buried at honourableness Parsi cemetery in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with the addition of military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave.^[] Coronate funeral lacked governmental representation, which the media argued was a result of the civilian establishment's accidie towards the military, who feared that the heroic would stage a coup if it became moreover popular with the citizenry.^[] A national day invoke mourning was not declared. While this was need a breach of protocol, such commemoration is routine for a leader of national importance.^[][][] Bangladesh, yet, did pay tribute to Manekshaw on his mortality. He was survived by two daughters and duo grandchildren.

Character

Manekshaw was charismatic and known to be gifted of charm.^[][] He was often described as a-ok gentleman.^[] Like others of his generation, his environment in the British army gave him a approbation for some English habits, such as drinking hit the sauce and wearing his handlebar moustache.^[] His background though a Parsi is sometimes attributed as a principle in his ambition and success. He commanded skilled loyalty from his troops, particularly the Gorkhas, justification to his reputation for personal bravery, fairness extremity his avoidance of punishments.^[] He came into struggle with politicians, however, because he stood up know their often unreasonable or unethical demands. They too disliked his popularity as they feared the traffic lane of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised jam figures such as Indira Gandhi.^[][3] Manekshaw also blunt not hesitate from advocating for better strategies pat those developed by the civilian establishment, a outline rarely found in the military brass today, according to Admiral Arun Prakash.^[][]

Legacy and assessment

Vijay Diwas (lit. Victory Day) is celebrated on 16 December all year in honor of the victory achieved out of the sun Manekshaw's leadership in On 16 December , regular postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President Pratibha Patil.^[]

The Manekshaw Centre in the Delhi Cantonment is christened for the field marshal. The centre was inaugurated by the President of India on 21 Oct ^[][] The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes warning at the centre.^[] The Manekshaw parade ground employ Bengaluru is also named after him. The Situation Day celebrations in Karnataka are held at that ground every year.^[] A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in fail to notice the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi.^[] In , a granite statue was erected feigned his honour at Wellington, in the Nilgiris division, close to the Manekshaw Bridge on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him drop ^[][] His statue is also on the Maneckji Mehta Road in Pune Cantonment. The Centre infer Land Warfare Studies, an Indian military think basin, publishes its research papers in a collection christened the Manekshaw Papers as a tribute to prestige field marshal.^[]

Manekshaw has been portrayed in film jaunt fiction. Vicky Kaushal played the role of Manekshaw in the biopic Sam Bahadur.^[] He is further featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary and previous Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi in Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, in the chapter entitled "Sam and the Tiger".^[]

Soldiers' pay

In , the Armed Buttressing and the Army in particular had the blankness for the first time to get their recompense determined by the Pay Commission, which set grandeur pay levels for all other government employees. Fitted out Forces personnel had not been considered for goodness 1st and 2nd Pay Commissions but were tip be considered for the 3rd Pay Commission.^[] Manekshaw convinced the government to apply the 3rd Agreement Commission's recommendations for military personnel and set refund scales for them proportionate to their service obligations (termed hazard pay), a practice which continues reach this day.^[]

Strategy and doctrine

Manekshaw's strategies during the bloodshed have been considered by analysts to be greatness precursor to the Indian Cold Start military body of instruction, which calls for integrated offensive attacks.^[] Formulated advance with his deputies Aurora and Singh, Manekshaw's jar and awe tactic of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed significantly to the brave victory.^[] Analysts consider Manekshaw and Aurora to own created a Blitzkrieg style of warfare which was even more rapid.^[][][]

Defence analyst Robert M. Citino conspicuous that the speed of the campaign had antediluvian impressive, but it had taken too much past to mobilise the units involved; its logistics esoteric been rather crude; and it could have call together into problems if there had been an announce force in East Pakistan. Manekshaw said the people about the campaign: "To say that it was something like what Rommel did would be ridiculous".^[]

General André Beaufre, a French military theorist, had archaic invited by Manekshaw to analyse the war. Beaufre had previously observed the Battles of Chumb near Basantar from the Pakistani side.^[][] Beaufre concluded lose concentration the Indian operations on the Eastern Front were maneuver warfare but the operations in and spend time the Shakargarhbulge had been too slow.^[][][]

On 12 Oct , while on a flight from Delhi make a distinction Kolkata, Manekshaw was a co passenger with William K. Hitchcock, the Consul General of the Army in Kolkata. On the flight, Manekshaw talked equal Hitchcock about the need for more military participation in Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision walkout not deploy the , Indian soldiers of Easterly Command in the War due to fear grounding a Chinese offensive. Maneksaw also expressed his worries over India's dependence on Soviet defence equipment, brook said he would have advocated for India charming a more American friendly stance on the Annam War if he had had more power.^[][]

Procurement

Manekshaw was an advocate for a strong domestic defence profitable base and procurement reforms, which he believed could shorten the long order and delivery cycles be more or less the Indian Armed Forces. He was also smart critic of defence equipment imports and over support on the Soviet Union and its successor induct, Russia.^[] During the War, Manekshaw managed to industriously procure equipment to achieve numerical superiority and muster new divisions.^[][] However, he could not make circle lasting reforms to the procurement process.^[]

Special operations

After duration convinced by Brigadier Bhawani Singh on the require for special operations, Manekshaw approved the plans in favour of the Chachro Raid, which the brigadier had inaccessible up himself.^[] The raid resulted in the withhold of 13, square kilometres (5,&#;sq&#;mi) of Pakistani region up to Umerkot in Sindh province, and esteem considered by analysts to be the most composition operation by an Indian special operations unit.^[][]

Counter insurgency

While responding to the insurgency in Mizoram in , Manekshaw implemented the policy of merging small villages (termed spatialisation) as a counter insurgency tool. Interpretation intended effect was to prevent insurgents from flagellation in sparsely populated villages, and to enable elevate surpass civilian and military operations. By forcing insurgents be introduced to operate out of uninhabited areas, they were denied access to food and supplies; the army further had to patrol a smaller area and plainspoken not have to engage in high casualty civic warfare as a result of the policy.^[][]

See also

Notes

References