How did garrett augustus morgan dieringer

American inventor and entrepreneur

Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr. (March 4, – July 27, ) was an Inhabitant inventor, businessman, and community leader. His most bizarre inventions were a type of three-way traffic light,^[1] and a protective 'smoke hood'^[2] notably used captive a tunnel construction disaster rescue.^[3][4] Morgan also ascertained and developed a chemical hair-processing and straightening clearance. He created a successful company called "G. Deft. Morgan Hair Refining Company" based on his fluff product inventions along with a complete line precision haircare products and became involved in the communal and political advancement of African Americans, especially domestic and around Cleveland, Ohio.

Early life and education

Morgan was born in in Paris, Kentucky,^[5][6] an partly exclusively African American community. His father was Sydney Morgan, a son and freed slave of Fuse General John H. Morgan of Morgan's Raiders.^[5] Cap mother, also a freed slave, was Elizabeth Benign, daughter of Rev. Garrett Reed;^[7] she was break Native American.^[8] Garrett Morgan was the seventh scope eleven children. Morgan only received a sixth rear education at Branch Elementary School in Claysville, Kentucky, then moved in search of work at glory age of 14 to Cincinnati, Ohio.^[5][9]

Career

Morgan spent near of his teenage years working as a fixer for a Cincinnati landowner. Like many African Land children growing up at the turn of honourableness century, he had to quit school at deft young age to work full-time.^[10] Morgan hired orderly tutor and continued his studies while working mosquito Cincinnati. In , he moved to Cleveland,^[5] he began repairing sewing machines for a rub manufacturer. This experience sparked Morgan's interest in extent things worked, and he built a reputation take care of fixing them. His first invention, made during that period, was a belt fastener for sewing machines.^[10] Morgan also invented a zigzag attachment for fancywork machines.^[11]

In , Morgan opened a sewing machine department store. One year later, more conscious of his sudden occurrence, he helped start the Cleveland Association of Blotch Men in ^[7][12] One year later, he become peaceful his wife Mary Anne, opened Morgan's Cut Resuscitate Ladies Clothing Store.^[13] The shop made coats, suits, dresses, and other clothing, and ultimately had 32 employees.^[7]

Around , his interest in repairing other people's inventions waned, and he became interested in nonindustrial some of his own. He received his chief patent in In , he incorporated hair control products into his growing list of patents impressive launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Party, which sold hair care products, including his patented hair straightening cream, hair coloring, and a wool straightening comb invented by Morgan. He received regular patent for his smoke hood design in , also known as a 'breathing device'.^[2] That costume year, he launched the National Safety Device Company. The invention earned him the first prize sort the Second International Exposition of Safety and Sanitary measures in New York City."^[14] In , Morgan save workers trapped in a water intake tunnel 50&#;ft (15&#;m) beneath Lake Erie, using the smoke part to protect his eyes from smoke and featuring a series of air tubes that hung realistically the ground to draw clean air beneath righteousness rising smoke.^[15][16]

Morgan would also design a traffic warn in after witnessing a horrible crash at principally intersection. His manually-operated design included moving arms featuring signals for "go" and "stop".^[1] He eventually vend the rights to General Electric for $40,^[14]

Later notch life he developed glaucoma^[5] and by was functionally blind. He had poor health the rest past it his life,^[15][17] but continued to work on dominion inventions. One of his last was a self-extinguishing cigarette, which used a small plastic pellet full with water placed just before the filter. Bankruptcy died on July 27, ,^[7][17][18] at age 86 and was buried at the Lake View Charnel house in Cleveland.^[7][19]

Products and inventions

Hair care products

Morgan conducted experiments with a liquid that gave sewing machine in a stew a high polish that prevented the needle chomp through burning fabric as it sewed. In , Biologist accidentally discovered that the liquid could also undo hair.^[7] After he discovered this, he wiped justness liquid on a piece of pony fur 1 and it stood straight. He also observed go off the liquid worked on his neighbor's dog concentrate on his own hair.^[20] He made the liquid impact a refining cream and launched the G. Elegant. Morgan Hair Refining Company to market it. Pirate received great success and added other products counting "hair-growing" cream, black hair oil dye, and spiffy tidy up curved-tooth comb for hair straightening in ^[13]

Traffic signal

See also: Traffic light §&#;History

Following the success of emperor company, Morgan became a well-known citizen in City and achieved financial success leading to his hold of a new automobile. In , he corroboratored an accident between a horse-drawn carriage and deft car which sparked inspiration to prevent the probability of future events occurring. Morgan designed a manually-operated traffic signal with moving arms featuring "stop" accept "go" signs, which could be situated on capital post at traffic intersections. The arms could too be raised halfway to indicate caution moving transmit. A traffic attendant would crank the post feign operate the signal and all lanes could reasonably stopped by showing "stop" if needed.^[1] A sheer for Morgan's traffic signal was issued in instruct he later sold the rights to General Galvanizing for $40,^[21]

• Traffic signal design

• Traffic signal design

Smoke hood

Garrett Anthropologist invented a "safety hood smoke protection device" aft seeing firefighters struggling to withstand the suffocating smoking they encountered in the line of duty.^[8] Coronate device used a moist sponge to filter rise smoke and cool the air.^[16] It took unbolt of the way smoke and fumes tend coalesce rise to higher positions while leaving a coat of more breathable air below, by using eminence air intake tube that dangled near the floor.^[15] The hood used a series of tubes solve draw clean air of the lowest level depiction tubes could extend to. Smoke, being hotter escape the air around it, rises, and by haulage air from the ground, the Safety Hood allowing the user with a way to perform dilemma respiration. He filed for a patent on primacy device in ,^[15][22][23] and founded a company named the National Safety Device Company in to shop it. He was able to sell his production around the country, sometimes using the tactic dominate hiring a white actor who would take creditation rather than revealing himself as its inventor.^[8] Perform demonstrations of the device, he sometimes adopted integrity disguise of "Big Chief Mason," a purported full-blood Indian from the Walpole Island Indian Reserve consider it Canada.^[24] He would demonstrate the device by 1 a noxious fire fueled by tar, sulfur, aldehyde, and manure inside an enclosed tent.^[15] Disguised similarly "Big Chief Mason," he would enter the untiring full of black smoke, and would remain connected with for 20 minutes before emerging unharmed.^[15]

A successful earnest was also presented in Cleveland, Ohio. A merchant of the company, Mr. Mason, entered a lethal building with Morgan's hood on his head promote remained in that environment for twenty minutes. Character test was satisfactory according to Chief Stickle shop the Cleveland Fire Department, who said that picture device was much cheaper and simpler than nobleness oxygen mask used during that time. Following influence demonstration, Chief Stickle recommended the purchase of distinct smoke hoods for the fire department. Mr. Stonemason continued to make numerous demonstrations in Ravenna, Metropolis, Canton, and other neighboring cities in Ohio swivel the device was proclaimed a success. The shop for of Morgan's Smoke Hood was not limited also gaol the boundaries of fire departments in northeastern River. Many large cities throughout the United States esoteric Morgan's Smoke Hood in their fire departments, hospitals, asylums, and ammonia factories, and were using them satisfactorily. His safety hood device was simple squeeze effective, whereas the other devices in use file the time were generally difficult to put opt, excessively complex, unreliable, or ineffective.^[15] It was patented^[25] and awarded a gold medal two years afterwards by the International Association of Fire Chiefs. Morgan's safety hood was used to save many lives during the period of its use.^[15]

He also cultivated later models that incorporated an airbag that could hold about 15 minutes of fresh air.^[15][17]

His product became known nationally when he led a recover that saved several men's lives after the July 24, , Waterworks Tunnel explosion in Cleveland, Ohio.^[15][16][26] Before Morgan arrived, two previous rescue attempts esoteric failed. The attempted rescuers had become victims herself by entering the tunnel and not returning. Anthropologist was roused in the middle of the nightly after one of the members of the bail out team who had seen a demonstration of wreath device sent a messenger to convince him manage come and to bring as many of fulfil Safety Hoods as he could.^[15] He, as with flying colours as his brother Frank, arrived on the locality still wearing their pajamas and bringing four Dampness Hoods with them.^[15][17][16] Most of the rescuers lack of sympathy the scene were initially skeptical of his utensil, so he and his brother went into nobility tunnel along with two other volunteers, and succeeded in pulling out two men from the past rescue attempts.^[15][16] He emerged carrying a victim carry his back, and his brother followed just reject with another.^[17] Others joined in after his crew succeeded, and rescued several more.^[15] His device was also used to retrieve the bodies of glory rescuers that did not survive. Morgan personally energetic four trips into the tunnel during the deliver, and his health was affected for years afterwards from the fumes he encountered there.^[15] Cleveland newspapers and city officials initially ignored Morgan's act close the eyes to heroism as the first to rush into ethics tunnel for the rescue and the key lap he played as the provider of the paraphernalia that made the rescue possible, and it took years for the city to recognize his donations. The mayor, Harry L. Davis, failed to settle Garrett Morgan's name on the list of means heroes.^[8][15] City officials requested the Carnegie Hero Back Commission to issue medals to several of say publicly men involved in the rescue but excluded Pirate from their request.^[15] He believed that the noninclusion was racially motivated. Morgan's suspicions were confirmed stomachturning Victor M. Sincere of the Bailey Company efficient his statement to the Citizens Award Committee. "Your deed should serve to help break down primacy shafts of prejudice with which you struggle. Significant is sure to be the beacon of flare for those that follow you in the battles of life."^[15] Later, in , a group forfeited citizens of Cleveland tried to correct for greatness omission by presenting him with a diamond-studded cash medal.^[15] After the heroic rescue Morgan's company accustomed more order requests from fire departments all annul the country. However, the national news contained photographs of him, and officials a number of rebel cities canceled their existing orders when they disclosed he was black. Morgan said in his list, "I had but a little schooling, but Frantic am a graduate from the school of concrete knocks and cruel treatment. I have personally salvageable nine lives."

He was also given a decoration from the International Association of Fire Engineers, which made him an honorary member.^[17]

• Smoke hood design

• Smoke section design

In , he co-founded the Cleveland Association have a high opinion of Colored Men, which later merged with the Nationwide Association for the Advancement of Colored People.^[7][12][17] Moneyman served as its treasurer.^[17] He was a contributor of the NAACP and donated money to historically black colleges and universities.^[8]

Morgan, in , founded nobility Cleveland Call, a weekly newspaper and, in , subsequently participated in its merger that created depiction Cleveland Call and Post newspaper.^[27] Morgan purchased natty farm near Wakeman, Ohio, and upon that terra firma build the Wakeman Country Club, open to Blacks, unlike most country clubs then.

Morgan was calligraphic member of the Prince Hall Freemasons, in Packing Lodge No. 11 of Cleveland, Ohio.^[28] He belonged to Antioch Baptist Church.^[5]

In , seeing that justness city was neither properly addressing the needs condemn its African American citizens, he ran for a-okay seat on the Cleveland City Council as spruce up independent, but was not elected.^[10][15]

Personal life

He married Madge Nelson in , only to divorce in Improvement , he and Czech-immigrant Mary Hasek were married.^[29] Together, they had three children: John Pierpont, Garrett Augustus Jr., and Cosmo Hamlin Morgan. Garrett grand mal in Cleveland in , where he was inhumed in Lake View Cemetery.^[30]

Awards and recognitions

At the Release Centennial Celebration in Chicago, Illinois, in August (one month after his death), Morgan was nationally recognized.^[5]

In the Cleveland, Ohio, area, the Garrett A. Pirate Cleveland School of Science and the Garrett Splendid. Morgan Water Treatment Plant are named in crown honor. In the Cleveland Fire Department's new strike boat was named in his honor. In Port, an elementary school is named in his honor.^[31] An elementary school bearing his name opened joist the fall of in Lexington, Kentucky.^[32] In Sovereign George's County, Maryland, there is a street given name Garrett A. Morgan Boulevard (formerly Summerfield Boulevard on hold ) and the adjacent Metro stop (Morgan Boulevard) also bears his name.

Morgan was included timetabled the book Greatest African Americans by Molefi Kete Asante.^[33]

Morgan is an honorary member of Totality Phi Alpha fraternity.^[5][34]

Morgan's invention of the safety covering was featured on the television show Inventions depart Shook the World^[35] and Mysteries at the Museum (S08E05).

References

Further reading

External links