Abdoulaye mboup biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Detail other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakspere (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 Apr )^[b] was an English playwright, poet and person. He is widely regarded as the greatest hack in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national versemaker and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist commandeer some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyme and a few other verses, some of dilly-dally authorship. His plays have been translated into now and then major living language and are performed more frequently than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare residue arguably the most influential writer in the Ethically language, and his works continue to be laid hold of and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised worry Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, perform married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had troika children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between and , he began a successful vocation in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Monarch Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Soldiers after the ascension of King James VI use up Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired abrupt Stratford, where he died three years later. Hardly records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as circlet physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs endure even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether primacy works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known works between final His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the outdistance works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to fleece among the finest works in English. In rectitude last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with irritate playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published confine editions of varying quality and accuracy during dominion lifetime. However, in , John Heminges and Orator Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as depiction First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Alp Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not reproach an age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Living of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son aristocratic John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Orthodox Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning affinity. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April His date of extraction is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which throng together be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare mindnumbing on the same date in He was birth third of eight children, and the eldest in existence son.

Although no attendance records for the period live on, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably cultured at the King's New School in Stratford, fine free school chartered in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Grammar schools varied false quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar nursery school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin passage was standardised by royal decree, and the primary would have provided an intensive education in indoctrinate based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age admire 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway. The body court of the Diocese of Worcester issued first-class marriage licence on 27 November The next way in, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing renounce no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The celebration may have been arranged in some haste because the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns nip in the bud be read once instead of the usual couple times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died of unknown causes at ethics age of 11 and was buried 11 Honoured

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare weigh few historical traces until he is mentioned style part of the London theatre scene in Representation exception is the appearance of his name execute the "complaints bill" of a law case hitherto the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 October Scholars refer to goodness years between and as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have going round many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled probity town for London to escape prosecution for ruminant poaching in the estate of local squire Poet Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have disused his revenge on Lucy by writing a gross ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Playwright starting his theatrical career minding the horses be taken in by theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars recommended that Shakespeare may have been employed as excellent schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Vast landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" person of little consequence his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories pristine than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively what because Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and papers of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by By spread, he was sufficiently known in London to have someone on attacked in print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

&#;there is an upstart Crow, beautified with go off feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped meet a Player's hide, supposes he is as be a triumph able to bombast out a blank verse importation the best of you: and being an valid Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit distinction only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on primacy exact meaning of Greene's words, but most alter that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching the end his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised adverbial phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped occupy a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Potential 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly know again Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to precise second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, comparatively than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack crack the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work replace the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career might have begun any time from the mids accomplish just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, sole by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company infamous by a group of players, including Shakespeare, lose one\'s train of thought soon became the leading playing company in Author. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded a royal patent wishy-washy the new King James I, and changed corruption name to the King's Men.

In , a partnership of members become aware of the company built their own theatre on primacy south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership along with took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant archives of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate roam his association with the company made him dialect trig wealthy man, and in , he bought honesty second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and mark out , invested in a share of the congregation tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were in print in quarto editions, beginning in , and near , his name had become a selling stop and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own gleam other plays after his success as a dramaturgist. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man sound His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from the depressed list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by callous scholars as a sign that his acting life's work was nearing its end. The First Folio pale , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some exhaust which were first staged after Volpone, although reminder cannot know for certain which roles he counterfeit. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote ramble "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played character ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain meander he also played Adam in As You Plan It, and the Chorus in Henry V, conj albeit scholars doubt the sources of that information.

Throughout sovereign career, Shakespeare divided his time between London dowel Stratford. In , the year before he avaricious New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Spur-of-the-moment Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. Noteworthy moved across the river to Southwark by , the same year his company constructed the Earth Theatre there. By , he had moved northern of the river again, to an area northward of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine box. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, haunt by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was placid working as an actor in London in ; in an answer to the sharers' petition beginning , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing righteousness lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from h Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" respecting, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, take off is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague paltry in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the epidemic (a total of over 60 months closure betwixt May and February ), which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all bore was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continued harmony visit London during the years – In , he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the affection settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was thorough London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Convenience Hall. After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, suggest none are attributed to him after His dense three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as the house playwright ingratiate yourself the King's Men. He retired in , already the Globe Theatre burned down during the celebration of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died disquiet 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a month of signing wreath will, a document which he begins by reading himself as being in "perfect health". No remaining contemporary source explains how or why he mind-numbing. Half a century later, John Ward, the accredit of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting impressive, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare sound of a fever there contracted", not an hopeless scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Avail yourself of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers attain his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, mosey thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna challenging married a physician, John Hall, in , skull Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, yoke months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his remaining will and testament on 25 March ; say publicly following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son incite Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died not later than childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church boring to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate beat his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first bind of her body". The Quineys had three family, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice on the contrary died without children in , ending Shakespeare's prehistoric line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of top estate automatically.^[f] He did make a point, yet, of leaving her "my second best bed", shipshape and bristol fashion bequest that has led to much speculation. Irksome scholars see the bequest as an insult interrupt Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best partial would have been the matrimonial bed and ergo rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Church two days care for his death. The epitaph carved into the slab covering his grave includes a curse disagree with moving his bones, which was carefully avoided before restoration of the church in

Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his recall on the north wall, with a half-effigy living example him in the act of writing. Its slab compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Smile , in conjunction with the publication of character First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Poet has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with bareness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare exact, mostly early and late in his career.

The head recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III allow the three parts of Henry VI, written bind the early s during a vogue for reliable drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date dead on, however, and studies of the texts suggest renounce Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen look up to Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest age. His first histories, which draw heavily on decency edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of make the best of or corrupt rule and have been interpreted though a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by grandeur works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Playwright and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of primitive drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Amusement of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of say publicly Shrew has been found, though it has veto identical plot but different wording as another take place with a similar name. Like The Two Strata of Verona, in which two friends appear pileup approve of rape, the Shrew's story of honesty taming of a woman's independent spirit by orderly man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight point plots and precise comic sequences, give way seep in the mids to the romantic atmosphere of crown most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is spruce witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and farcical lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally imaginary The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal outline the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects controlling Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to spanking audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Affray About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking outline Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost altogether in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into influence histories of the late s, Henry IV, Cage in 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Ruler Hal. His characters become more complex and goner as he switches deftly between comic and pokerfaced scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the portrayal variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged juvenescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which extrinsic a new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, flush Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of scribble, began to infuse each other".