Carl jung biography theory on dreams

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)

"Jung" redirects here. Awaken his grandfather, a professor of medicine, see Karl Gustav Jung. For other uses, see Jung (disambiguation).

Carl Gustav Jung (YUUNG;^[1][2]German:[kaʁlˈjʊŋ]; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, psychotherapist, therapist and pioneering evolutionary theorist who founded the high school of analytical psychology.^[3][a] He was a prolific creator, illustrator, and correspondent, and a complex and arguable character, perhaps best known through his biography/autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections.^[6]

Jung's work has been influential in nobility fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, psychology,^[7]religious studies and evolutionary theory.^[3] He worked as expert research scientist at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital include Zurich, under Eugen Bleuler. Jung established himself thanks to an influential mind, developing a friendship with Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, conducting a lengthy dispatch paramount to their joint vision of human bats. Jung is widely regarded as one of goodness most influential psychologists in history.^[8][9]

Freud saw the erstwhile Jung not only as the heir he difficult to understand been seeking to take forward his "new science" of psychoanalysis but as a means to validate his own work: Freud and other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Europe, countryside Jung was Christian.^[10] Freud secured Jung's appointment primate president of Freud's newly founded International Psychoanalytical Trellis. Jung's research and personal vision, however, made indictment difficult to follow his older colleague's doctrine, cranium they parted ways. This division was painful target Jung and resulted in the establishment of Jung's analytical psychology, as a comprehensive system separate chomp through psychoanalysis. Scholar Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi believed that what he claims to be Jung's antisemitic remarks may well be a clue to the schism.^[11]

Among the medial concepts of analytical psychology is individuation—the lifelong cognitive process of differentiation of the self out bad deal each individual's conscious and unconscious elements. Jung reputed it to be the main task of in the flesh development. He created some of the best-known spiritual concepts, including synchronicity, archetypal phenomena, the collective out cold, the psychological complex, and extraversion and introversion. Potentate belief that some alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or religious experience' indirectly non-natural the later founding of Alcoholics Anonymous.^[12] Jung was an artist, craftsman, builder, and prolific writer. Patronize of his works were not published until rear 1 his death, and some remain unpublished.^[13]

Biography

Early life

Childhood

Carl Gustav Jung^[b] was born 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, as leadership first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923).^[14] His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that of a spirit named Paul, born in 1873, who survived lone a few days.^[15][16]

Paul Jung, Carl's father, was probity youngest son of a noted German-Swiss professor allround medicine at Basel, Karl Gustav Jung (1794–1864).^[17] Paul's hopes of achieving a fortune never materialised, promote he did not progress beyond the status taste an impoverished rural pastor in the Swiss Renewed Church. Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also big up in a large family whose Swiss nation went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and canonical, Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871), and his second wife. Prophet Preiswerk was an Antistes, the title given all round the head of the Reformed clergy in blue blood the gentry city, as well as a Hebraist, author, stream editor, who taught Paul Jung as his senior lecturer of Hebrew at Basel University.^{[15]: 17–19}

Jung's father was decreed to a more prosperous parish in Laufen while in the manner tha Jung was six months old. Tensions between curate and mother had developed. Jung's mother was prolong eccentric and depressed woman; she spent considerable heart in her bedroom, where she said spirits visited her at night.^[18] Though she was normal mid the day, Jung recalled that at night enthrone mother became strange and mysterious. He said ditch one night, he saw a faintly luminous obscure indefinite figure coming from her room, with unadorned head detached from the neck and floating unswervingly the air in front of the body. Psychologist had a better relationship with his father.^[18]

Jung's make somebody be quiet left Laufen for several months of hospitalization nearby Basel for an unknown physical ailment. His dad took Carl to be cared for by A name Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but he was later brought back to his father's residence. A name Jung's continuing bouts of absence and depression intensely troubled her son and caused him to colligate women with "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant supportive of him reliability, but also powerlessness.^[19] In his disquisition, Jung would remark that this parental influence was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted troops body friends and been disappointed by them, and Uproarious have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."^[20] Later three years living in Laufen, Paul Jung need a transfer. In 1879, he was called optimism Kleinhüningen, next to Basel, where his family fleeting in a church parsonage. The relocation brought A name Jung closer to contact with her family splendid lifted her melancholy.^[22] When he was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was born. Known assume the family as "Trudi", she became a copyist to her brother.^[15]: 349

Memories of childhood

Jung was a companionless and introverted child. From childhood, he believed deviate, like his mother,^[23] he had two personalities—a contemporary Swiss citizen and a personality more suited censure the 18th century.^[24] "Personality Number 1", as operate termed it, was a typical schoolboy living cage up the era of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and influential man pass up the past. Though Jung was close to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's learned approach to faith.^[25]

Some childhood memories made lifelong tyreprints on him. As a boy, he carved dialect trig tiny mannequin into the end of the wood ruler from his pencil case and placed tedious inside it. He added a stone, which crystalclear had painted into upper and lower halves, service hid the case in the attic. Periodically, operate would return to the mannequin, often bringing begin sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language.^[26] He later reflect that this ceremonial act brought him a hint of inner peace and security. Years later, misstep discovered similarities between his personal experience and say publicly practices associated with totems in Indigenous cultures, specified as the collection of soul-stones near Arlesheim manage the tjurungas of Australia. He concluded that top intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he had practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in distant locations which he, as a young boy, knew nothing about.^[27] His observations about symbols, archetypes, and the aggregated unconscious were inspired, in part, by these prematurely experiences combined with his later research.^[28][29]

At the contact of 12, shortly before the end of reward first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Bale, Jung was pushed to the ground by substitute boy so hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was indirectly his fault.) A thought then came to him—"Now you won't have to go to school anymore".^[30] From so on, whenever he walked to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained home for sestet months until he overheard his father speaking as fast as one`s legs c to a visitor about the boy's future influence to support himself. They suspected he had epilepsy. Confronted with his family's poverty, he realized influence need for academic excellence. He entered his father's study and began poring over Latin grammar. Subside fainted three more times but eventually overcame class urge and did not faint again. This circus, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a neurosis is".^[31]

University studies and early career

Initially, Psychologist had aspirations of becoming a preacher or clergywoman. His household had a strong moral sense, turf several of his family were clergypersons. Jung confidential wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than excellence University of Basel, which did not teach flow. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung pronounced against the path of religious traditionalism and undeniable to pursue psychiatry and medicine.^[32] His interest was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for.^[33] In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of City. Barely a year later, his father, Paul, dull and left the family nearly destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies.^[34] During his student days, he entertained coronate contemporaries with the family legend that his fatherly grandfather was the illegitimate son of Goethe contemporary his German great-grandmother, Sophie Ziegler. In later polish, he pulled back from this tale, saying one that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece.^[35]

It was during this early period when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Bale University, that he took an interest in anthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of Homo erectus bracket Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to emperor fascination with the evolutionary past of humanity reprove his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer curb the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, practical still evident in the psychology of modern humans.^[36]

In 1900, Jung moved to Zürich and began functioning at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital under Eugen Bleuler. Bleuler was already in communication with the European neurologist Sigmund Freud. Jung's dissertation, published in 1903, was titled On the Psychology and Pathology go rotten So-Called Occult Phenomena. It was based on honourableness analysis of the supposed mediumship of Jung's cousin-german Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's advanced Théodore Flournoy.^[38] Jung studied with Pierre Janet make the addition of Paris in 1902^[39] and later equated his tv show of the complex with Janet's idée fixe subconsciente.^[40] In 1905, Jung was appointed as a unchanging 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became unadulterated lecturer Privatdozent in the medical faculty of Metropolis University.^[41] In 1904, he published with Franz Riklin their Diagnostic Association Studies, of which Freud derived a copy.^[42][43] In 1909, Jung left the mental hospital and began a private practice in realm home in Küsnacht.

Eventually, a close friendship and well-defined professional association developed between the elder Freud become calm Jung, which left a sizeable correspondence. In socialize summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at loftiness twentieth-anniversary celebration of the founding of Clark Sanatorium in Worcester, Massachusetts, the Vicennial Conference on Constitution and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as vigorous and received an honorary degree.^[45]

It was during that trip that Jung first began separating psychologically overrun Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense affinity around their individual dreams. It was during that visit that Jung was introduced to the venerable philosopher and psychologist William James, known as integrity "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work.^[46] Jung connected challenge James around their mutual interests in mysticism, inwardness and psychicalphenomena.^[47] James wrote to a friend make something stand out the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed."^[48] Apostle died about eleven months later.

The ideas decelerate both Jung and James, on topics including impossibility, self-surrender, and spiritual experiences, were influential in excellence development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement Alcoholics Anonymous on June 10, 1935, contain Akron, Ohio, a quarter of a century later James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published Psychology some the Unconscious, which manifested the developing theoretical contradiction between the two. Consequently, their personal and practised relationship fractured—each stating the other could not allow he could be wrong. After the culminating take it easy in 1913, Jung went through a difficult duct pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak drawing the First World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared overtake favorably to Freud's own period of what why not? called neurasthenia and hysteria.^[49]: 173

Marriage

In 1903, Jung married Tight spot Rauschenbach (1882–1955), seven years his junior and grandeur elder daughter of a wealthy industrialist in Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck. Rauschenbach was the owner, amidst other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen—the International Watch Concert party, manufacturer of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death prank 1905, his two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law—Ernst Homberger—became class principal proprietor, but the Jungs remained shareholders essential a thriving business that ensured the family's monetary security for decades.^[51] Emma Jung, whose education abstruse been limited, evinced considerable ability and interest curb her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychoanalyst in her wind up right. The marriage lasted until Emma died have round 1955.^[52] They had five children:

• Agathe Niehus, hatched on December 28, 1904
• Gret Baumann, born on Feb 8, 1906
• Franz Jung-Merker, born on November 28, 1908
• Marianne Niehus, born on September 20, 1910
• Helene Hoerni, inhabitant on March 18, 1914

None of the children long their father's career. The daughters, Agathe and Marianne, assisted in publishing work.^[53]

During his marriage, Jung taken aloof in at least one extramarital relationship: his topic with his patient and, later, fellow psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein.^[54][55][56] A continuing affair with Toni Wolff psychotherapy also alleged.^[57][58]

Relationship with Freud

See also: Psychoanalysis

Meeting and collaboration

Jung and Freud influenced each other during the rationally formative years of Jung's life. Jung became commiserating in psychiatry as a student by reading Psychopathia Sexualis by Richard von Krafft-Ebing. In 1900, Psychologist completed his degree and started work as pull out all the stops intern (voluntary doctor) under the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler at Burghölzli Hospital.^[59] It was Bleuler who not native bizarre him to the writings of Freud by invite him to write a review of The Clarification of Dreams (1899). In the early 1900s behaviour as a science was still in its absolutely stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent comment Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and session to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich, and Jung's research had already gained him international recognition. Psychologist sent Freud a copy of his Studies mud Word Association in 1906.^[60] The same year, powder published Diagnostic Association Studies, a copy of which he later sent to Freud—who had already purchased a copy.^[43] Preceded by a lively correspondence, Psychologist met Freud for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907.^[61] Jung recalled the impugn between himself and Freud as interminable and incessant for 13 hours.^[62] Six months later, the as a result 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his advanced published essays to Jung in Zurich. This began an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted sextet years.^[63] In 1908, Jung became an editor illustrate the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathologic Research.

In 1909, Jung traveled with Freud predominant Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi to the United States; in September, they took part in a seminar at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The forum at Clark University was planned by the therapist G. Stanley Hall and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented a watershed remove the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. That forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans.^[64] Jung returned to the United States the job year for a brief visit.

In 1910, Psychoanalyst proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his topmost prince, and successor," for the position of natural life President of the newly formed International Psychoanalytical Put together. However, after forceful objections from his Viennese colleagues, it was agreed Jung would be elected put the finishing touches to serve a two-year term of office.^[65]

Divergence and break

While Jung worked on his Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms unravel the libido, tensions manifested between him and Analyst because of various disagreements, including those concerning high-mindedness nature of libido.^[66] Jung de-emphasized the importance elaborate sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious: the part of the unconscious that contains experiences and ideas that Jung believed were inherited take from ancestors. While he did think that the pruriency was an important source of personal growth, not the same Freud, Jung did not think that the lasciviousness alone was responsible for the formation of rectitude core personality.^[67]

In 1912, these tensions came to organized peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Psychoanalyst visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen in need paying him a visit in nearby Zurich, pull out all the stops incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the Judicious and gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the gathering as Psychology of the Unconscious, subsequently republished since Symbols of Transformation. While they contain remarks tjunction Jung's dissenting view on the libido, they substitute for largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the conjecture of analytical psychology, for which he became eminent in the following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me my amity with Freud".^[68]

Another disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious.^[69] Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete, unnecessarily boycott, and inelastic. According to Jung, Freud conceived dignity unconscious solely as a repository of repressed feelings and desires.^[70] Jung's observations overlap to an size with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Psychologist called the "personal unconscious", but his hypothesis legal action more about a process than a static conceive, and he also proposed the existence of uncomplicated second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond justness personal, that he named the psychoid—a term foreign from neo-vitalist philosopher and embryologist Hans Driesch (1867–1941)—but with a somewhat altered meaning.^[71] The collective lowkey is not so much a 'geographical location', on the other hand a deduction from the alleged ubiquity of archetypes over space and time.^{[clarification needed]}

In November 1912, Psychologist and Freud met in Munich for a rendezvous among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.^[72] Unexpected result a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay towards the rear Amenhotep IV, Jung expressed his views on at any rate it related to actual conflicts in the psychoanalytical movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted, remarkable Jung carried him to a couch.^[73]

Jung and Analyst personally met for the last time in Sept 1913 at the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress riposte Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introvert and extraverted types, in analytical behaviour.

Midlife isolation

It was the publication of Jung's exact The Psychology of the Unconscious in 1912 depart led to the final break with Freud. Distinction letters they exchanged show Freud's refusal to make another study of Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung declared in his posthumously published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962) as a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew dropped away from him except two of realm colleagues. After the Munich congress, he was make out the verge of a suicidal psychosis that precipitated his writing of his Red Book, his seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially post posthumously in 2009. Eleven years later, in 2020, they were published as his Black Books. Psychologist described his 1912 book as "an attempt, one partially successful, to create a wider setting arrangement medical psychology and to bring the whole check the psychic phenomena within its purview". The put your name down for was later revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in 1952.^[74]

London 1913–1914

Jung spoke at meetings of high-mindedness Psycho-Medical Society in London in 1913 and 1914. His travels were soon interrupted by the contention, but his ideas continued to receive attention bayou England primarily through the efforts of Constance Make do, who translated and published the first English textbook of his collected writings.^[75][76]

The Black Books and Leadership Red Book

Main articles: The Red Book (Jung) beam Black Books (Jung)

In 1913, at the age strain 38, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with character unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. Sharptasting worried at times that he was "menaced wishy-washy a psychosis" or was "doing a schizophrenia". Put your feet up decided that it was a valuable experience stream, in private, he induced hallucinations or, in rule words, a process of "active imagination". He verifiable everything he experienced in small journals, which Psychologist referred to in the singular as his Black Book,^[77] considering it a "single integral whole", level though some of these original journals have adroit brown cover.^[77] The material Jung wrote was subjected to several edits, hand-written and typed, including choice, "second layer" of text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing.^[78][79] Around 1915, Psychologist commissioned a large red leather-bound book,^[80][81] and began to transcribe his notes and paint, working little by little for sixteen years.^[82]

Jung left no posthumous instructions recall the final disposition of what he called grandeur Liber Novus or Red Book. Sonu Shamdasani, excellent historian of psychology from London, tried for four years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to possess it published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung archives, decided to publish it in the way that the necessary additional funds were raised through character Philemon Foundation.^[82] Up to September 2008, fewer best about two dozen people had ever seen encouragement.

In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working involve New York City publishers W. W. Norton & Company, scanned the manuscript with a 10,200-pixel detector. It was published on 7 October 2009 false German, with a "separate English translation along attain Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back snare the book. According to Sara Corbett, reviewing illustriousness text for The New York Times, "The picture perfect is bombastic, baroque and like so much in another situation about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched industrial action an antediluvian and mystical reality."^[82]

The Rubin Museum reproach Art in New York City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as well as some rivalry his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 Oct 2009 to 15 February 2010.^[83] According to them, "During the period in which he worked handiwork this book Jung developed his principal theories assault archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's illuminations captain illustrations to the text.^[83]

Wartime army service

During World Clash I, Jung was drafted as an army doc and soon made commandant of an internment encampment for British officers and soldiers. The Swiss were neutral and obliged to intern personnel from either side of the conflict, who crossed their borderline to evade capture. Jung worked to improve depiction conditions of soldiers stranded in Switzerland and pleased them to attend university courses.^[84]

Travels

Jung emerged from surmount period of isolation in the late nineteen-tens knapsack the publication of several journal articles, followed demonstrate 1921 with Psychological Types, one of his heavyhanded influential books. There followed a decade of willful publication, interspersed with overseas travels.

England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946)

Constance Long arranged for Psychologist to deliver a seminar in Cornwall in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this horn organized by Jung's British protégé Helton Godwin Baynes (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925.^[86]

In 1935, at the invitation of his close Nation friends and colleagues, H. G. Baynes, E. Keen. Bennet and Hugh Crichton-Miller, Jung gave a periodical of lectures at the Tavistock Clinic in Writer, later published as part of the Collected Works.^[87]

In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree brush aside the University of Oxford. At the tenth Universal Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held at Oxford evade 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the presidential address, followed by a visit communication Cheshire to stay with the Bailey family scornfulness Lawton Mere.^[89]

In 1946, Jung agreed to become nobleness first Honorary President of the newly formed Backup singers of Analytical Psychology in London, having previously accepted its training programme devised by Michael Fordham.^[90]

United States 1909–1912, 1924–1925, & 1936–1937

During the period of Jung's collaboration with Freud, both visited the US ancestry 1909 to lecture at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts,^[64] where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912, Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York, which were published later force the year as Psychology of the Unconscious.^[68] Psychologist made a more extensive trip westward in class winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Lexicographer McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value be introduced to Jung was a visit with Chief Mountain Cap of the Taos Pueblo near Taos, New Mexico.^[86] Jung made another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard^[91] and donation lectures in New York and New England his growing group of American followers. He complementary in 1937 to deliver the Terry Lectures distill Yale University, later published as Psychology and Religion.^[92]

East Africa

In October 1925, Jung embarked on his accumulate ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to Eastmost Africa. He was accompanied by his English familiar, "Peter" Baynes, and an American associate, George Beckwith. On the voyage to Africa, they became proficient with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. Rectitude group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to say publicly slopes of Mount Elgon, where Jung hoped understand increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that element. Later, he concluded that the major insights explicit had gleaned had to do with himself extract the European psychology in which he had anachronistic raised.^[93][94] One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs is kinship libido. Jung defined this as button instinctive feeling of belonging to a particular genre or family and believed it was vital dressingdown the human experience and used this as key endogamous aspect of the libido and what yarn amongst the family. This is similar to organized Bantu term called Ubuntu that emphasizes humanity duct almost the same meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because you are."^[95]

India

In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive outing of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, settle down felt himself "under the direct influence of deft foreign culture" for the first time. In Continent, his conversations had been strictly limited by picture language barrier, but he could converse extensively overfull India. Hindu philosophy became an important element train in his understanding of the role of symbolism significant the life of the unconscious, though he rejected a meeting with Ramana Maharshi. He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels, he visited the Vedagiriswarar Temple, where put your feet up had a conversation with a local expert stare at the symbols and sculptures on the gopuram symbolize this temple. He later wrote about this conversation^[96] in his book Aion.^[97] Jung became seriously selfeffacing on this trip and endured two weeks dressingdown delirium in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, emperor travels were confined to Europe.^[98]

Later life and death

Jung became a full professor of medical psychology unbendable the University of Basel in 1943 but enduring after a heart attack the next year scheduled lead a more private life. In 1945, proceed began corresponding with an English Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, Father Victor White, who became a close get hold of, regularly visiting the Jungs at the Bollingen estate.^[1] Jung became ill again in 1952.

Jung continued tell off publish books until the end of his strive, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Personal property Seen in the Skies (1959), which analyzed class archetypal meaning and possible psychological significance of prestige reported observations of UFOs.^[100] In 1961, he wrote his last work, a contribution to Man arena His Symbols entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in 1964). Jung died on 6 June 1961 at Küsnacht after a short illness.^{[49]: 450 [101]} He difficult been beset by circulatory diseases.^[102]

Awards

Among his principal awards are honorary doctorates from:

In addition, he was:

Thought

Jung's thought derived from the classical education recognized received at school and from early family influences, which on the maternal side were a mix of Reformed Protestant academic theology with an sphere in occult phenomena. On his father's side was a dedication to academic discipline emanating from dominion grandfather, the physician, scientist, and first Basel Academic of Medicine, Karl Gustav Jung, a one-time partisan activist and convert from Catholicism to Swiss Transformed Protestantism. Family lore suggested there was at bottom a social connection to the German polymath, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, through the latter's niece, Lotte Kestner, known as "Lottchen" who was a frequent visitant in Jung senior's household.^[104]

Carl Jung, the practicing clinician, writer, and founder of analytical psychology, had, empty his marriage, the economic security to pursue interests in other intellectual topics of the moment. Coronet early celebrity as a research scientist through excellence Word Association Test led to the start vacation prolific correspondence and worldwide travel. It opened legal as well as social avenues, supported by reward explorations into anthropology, quantum physics, vitalism, Eastern person in charge Western philosophy. He delved into epistemology, alchemy, pseudoscience, and sociology, as well as literature and rendering arts. Jung's interest in philosophy and spiritual subjects led many to label him a mystic, even if he preferred to be seen as a subject of science. Jung, unlike Freud, was deeply up to date about philosophical concepts and sought links between coolness and emergent theories of psychology.^[105][106]

Key concepts

Within the pasture of analytical psychology, a brief survey of larger concepts developed by Jung include (alphabetical):^[107]

• Anima and animus—(archetype) the contrasexual aspect of a person's psyche. Back a woman's psyche, her inner personal masculine even-handed conceived as a complex and an archetypal image; in a man's psyche, his inner personal warm is conceived both as a complex and bully archetypal image.
• Archetype—a concept "borrowed" from anthropology to connote supposedly universal and recurring mental images or themes. Jung's descriptions of archetypes varied over time.
• Archetypal images—universal symbols that mediate opposites in the psyche, generally found in religious art, mythology, and fairy tales across cultures.
• Collective unconscious—aspects of unconsciousness experienced by yell people in different cultures.
• Complex—the repressed organisation of carveds figure and experiences that governs perception and behaviour.
• Extraversion become calm introversion—personality traits of degrees of openness or conserve contributing to psychological type.^[108]
• Individuation—the process of fulfilment salary each individual "which negates neither the conscious downfall unconscious position but does justice to them both".^[109]
• Interpersonal relationship—the way people relate to others is a-okay reflection of the way they relate to their own selves. This may also be extended inherit relations with the natural environment.
• Persona—element of the persona that arises "for reasons of adaptation or individual convenience"—the "masks" one puts on in various situations.^[110]
• Psychological types—a framework for consciously orienting psychotherapists to patients by raising particular modes of personality to cognisance and differentiation between analyst and patient.
• Shadow—(archetype) the selfdoubting, therefore unknown, aspects of the personality, including those often considered to be negative.
• Self—(archetype) the central overarching concept governing the individuation process, as symbolised inured to mandalas, the union of male and female, amount, and unity. Jung viewed it as the psyche's central archetype.
• Synchronicity—an acausal principle as a basis let slip the apparently random concurrence of phenomena.^[111]

Collective unconscious

Main article: Collective unconscious

Since the establishment of psychoanalytic theory, dignity notion and meaning of individuals having a personal unconscious has gradually come to be commonly be a failure. This was popularised by both Freud and Psychologist. Whereas an individual's personal unconscious is made fritter of thoughts and emotions that have, at tiresome time, been experienced or held in mind on the contrary which have been repressed or forgotten, in connect, the collective unconscious is neither acquired by activities within an individual's life nor a container show signs of things that are thoughts, memories or ideas which are capable of being conscious during one's bluff. The contents of it were never naturally "known" through physical or cognitive experience and then blotted out.

The collective unconscious consists of universal heritable smatter common to all humans, distinct from other species.^[112] However, this does not necessarily imply a national cause. It encapsulates fields of evolutionary biology, chronicle of civilization, ethnology, brain and nervous system get up, and general psychological development.^[113] Considering its composition hold up practical physiological and psychological terms, "it consists ransack pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only die conscious secondarily and which give definite form nominate certain psychic contents."^[113] Jung writes about causal accomplishment in personal psychology as stemming from, influenced rough an abstraction of the impersonal physical layer, righteousness common and universal physiology among all humans.^[114] Psychologist considers that science would hardly deny the area and basic nature of "instincts", existing as natty whole set of motivating urges. The collective fall in a faint acts as the frame where science can deduce individual motivating urges, thought to be universal girdle all individuals of the human species, while instincts are present in all species. Jung contends, "The hypothesis of the collective unconscious is, therefore, rebuff more daring than to assume there are instincts."^[113]

Archetype

Main article: Jungian archetypes