Susan b anthony biography summary of 10

American women's rights activist (–)

For other uses, see Susan B. Anthony (disambiguation).

Susan B. Anthony (born Susan Anthony; February 15, &#;– March 13, ) was an American social reformer and women's seek activist who played a pivotal role in goodness women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker kinfolk committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of In , she became the New York state agent for the Inhabitant Anti-Slavery Society.

In , she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became her lifelong friend and follower in social reform activities, primarily in the existence of women's rights. Together they founded the In mint condition York Women's State Temperance Society after Anthony was prevented from speaking at a temperance conference for she was female. During the Civil War they founded the Women's Loyal National League, which conducted the largest petition drive in United States account up to that time, collecting nearly , handwritten names or distinctive marks in support of the abolition of slavery. Puzzle out the war, they initiated the American Equal Up front Association, which campaigned for equal rights for both women and African Americans. They began publishing adroit women's rights newspaper in called The Revolution. Boss year later, they founded the National Woman Say Association as part of a split in birth women's movement. The split was formally healed difficulty when their organization merged with the rival Inhabitant Woman Suffrage Association to form the National Dweller Woman Suffrage Association, with Anthony as its pale force. Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Gage in on what eventually grew comprise the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage. The interests of Anthony and Stanton diverged somewhat in afterward years, but the two remained close friends.

In , Anthony was arrested in her hometown snare Rochester, New York, for voting in violation confront laws that allowed only men to vote. She was convicted in a widely publicized trial. Even supposing she refused to pay the fine, the corridors of power declined to take further action. In , Suffragist and Stanton arranged for Congress to be suave with an amendment giving women the right barter vote. Introduced by Sen. Aaron A. Sargent (R-CA), it later became known colloquially as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. It was eventually ratified orangutan the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution stop in full flow

Anthony traveled extensively in support of women's say, giving as many as 75 to speeches hold back year and working on many state campaigns. She worked internationally for women's rights, playing a pale role in creating the International Council of Cadre, which is still active. She also helped act upon bring about the World's Congress of Representative Cadre at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago alternative route

When she first began campaigning for women's undiluted, Anthony was harshly ridiculed and accused of hard to destroy the institution of marriage. Public find of her changed radically during her lifetime, subdue. Her 80th birthday was celebrated in the Chalky House at the invitation of President William President. She became the first female citizen to attach depicted on U.S. coinage when her portrait attended on the dollar coin.

Early life

Susan Anthony was born on February 15, , to Daniel Suffragist and Lucy Read Anthony in Adams, Massachusetts, significance second-oldest of seven children. She was named confirm her maternal grandmother Susanah, and for her father's sister Susan. In her youth, she and assemblage sisters responded to a "great craze for focal point initials" by adding middle initials to their sudden names. Anthony adopted "B." as her middle basic because her namesake Aunt Susan had married elegant man named Brownell.^[1] Anthony never used the honour Brownell herself, and did not like it.^[2]

Her next of kin shared a passion for social reform. Her brothers Daniel and Merritt moved to Kansas to keep up the anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with Can Brown against pro-slavery forces during the Bleeding River crisis. Daniel eventually owned a newspaper and became mayor of Leavenworth.^[3] Anthony's sister Mary, with whom she shared a home in later years, became a public school principal in Rochester, and first-class woman's rights activist.^[4]

Anthony's father was an abolitionist current a temperance advocate. A Quaker, he had unembellished difficult relationship with his traditionalist congregation, which rebuked him for marrying a non-Quaker, and then forlorn him for allowing a dance school to work in his home. He continued to attend Trembler meetings anyway and became even more radical temper his beliefs.^[5] Anthony's mother was a Baptist be first helped raise their children in a more patient version of her husband's religious tradition.^[6] Their cleric encouraged them all, girls as well as boys, to be self-supporting, teaching them business principles extra giving them responsibilities at an early age.^[7]

When Suffragist was six years old, her family moved get to Battenville, New York, where her father managed clever large cotton mill. Previously he had operated own small cotton factory.^[8]

When she was seventeen, Suffragist was sent to a Quaker boarding school interior Philadelphia, where she unhappily endured its strict topmost sometimes humiliating atmosphere.^[9] She was forced to bring to a close her studies after one term because her kinship was financially ruined during an economic downturn household as the Panic of They were forced come to an end sell everything they had at an auction, on the contrary they were rescued by her maternal uncle, who bought most of their belongings and restored them to the family.^[10] To assist her family financially, Anthony left home to teach at a Trembler boarding school.^[11]

In , the family moved to spruce up farm on the outskirts of Rochester, New Royalty, purchased partly with the inheritance of Anthony's be silent. There they associated with a group of Coward social reformers who had left their congregation since of the restrictions it placed on reform activities, and who in formed a new organization known as the Congregational Friends. The Anthony farmstead soon became the Sunday afternoon gathering place for local activists, including Frederick Douglass, a former slave and trig prominent abolitionist who became Anthony's lifelong friend.^[12][13]

The Suffragist family began to attend services at the Chief Unitarian Church of Rochester,^[14] which was associated be in keeping with social reform. The Rochester Women's Rights Convention systematic was held at that church in , lyrical by the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, which was held two weeks heretofore in a nearby town. Anthony's parents and composite sister Mary attended the Rochester convention and fullstrength the Declaration of Sentiments that had been twig adopted by the Seneca Falls Convention.^[15][16]

Anthony did moan take part in either of these conventions due to she had moved to Canajoharie in to pull up headmistress of the female department of the Canajoharie Academy. Away from Quaker influences for the culminating time in her life, at the age disturb 26 she began to replace her plain garments with more stylish dresses, and she quit capitalize on "thee" and other forms of speech traditionally secondhand by Quakers.^[17] She was interested in social trade, and she was distressed at being paid unnecessary less than men with similar jobs, but she was amused at her father's enthusiasm over high-mindedness Rochester women's rights convention. She later explained, "I wasn't ready to vote, didn't want to suffrage, but I did want equal pay for level work."^[18]

When the Canajoharie Academy closed in , Suffragist took over the operation of the family holding in Rochester so her father could devote finer time to his insurance business. She worked contention this task for a couple of years however found herself increasingly drawn to reform activity. Spare her parents' support, she was soon fully booked in reform work.^[19] For the rest of second life, she lived almost entirely on fees she earned as a speaker.^[20]

Activism

Early social activism

Anthony embarked on dismiss career of social reform with energy and self-sufficiency. Schooling herself in reform issues, she found actually drawn to the more radical ideas of entertain like William Lloyd Garrison, George Thompson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Soon she was wearing the arguable Bloomer dress, consisting of pantaloons worn under undiluted knee-length dress. Although she felt it was better-quality sensible than the traditional heavy dresses that dragged the ground, she reluctantly quit wearing it stern a year because it gave her opponents illustriousness opportunity to focus on her apparel rather overrun her ideas.^[22]

Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In , Suffragist was introduced to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who confidential been one of the organizers of the Dramatist Falls Convention and had introduced the controversial dose in support of women's suffrage. Anthony and Libber were introduced by Amelia Bloomer, a feminist jaunt mutual acquaintance. Anthony and Stanton soon became put on the right track friends and co-workers, forming a relationship that was pivotal for them and for the women's crossing as a whole.^[23] After the Stantons moved suffer the loss of Seneca Falls to New York City in , a room was set aside for Anthony extract every house they lived in.^[24] One of Stanton's biographers estimated that over her lifetime, Stanton undoubtedly spent more time with Anthony than with considerable other adult, including her own husband.^[25]

The two corps had complementary skills. Anthony excelled at organizing, in the long run b for a long time Stanton had an aptitude for intellectual matters build up writing. Anthony was dissatisfied with her own expressions ability and wrote relatively little for publication. What because historians illustrate her thoughts with direct quotes, they usually take them from her speeches, letters, station diary entries.^[26]

Because Stanton was homebound with seven lineage while Anthony was unmarried and free to function, Anthony assisted Stanton by supervising her children piece Stanton wrote. One of Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became one of the family and was bordering on another mother to Mrs. Stanton's children."^[27] A autobiography of Stanton says that during the early life-span of their relationship, "Stanton provided the ideas, fustian, and strategy; Anthony delivered the speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls. Anthony prodded and Suffragist produced."^[28] Stanton's husband said, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, and then Susan stirs up the world!"^[29] Stanton herself said, "I counterfeit the thunderbolts, she fired them."^[30] By , Suffragist and Stanton "had perfected a collaboration that idea the New York State movement the most cosmopolitan in the country", according to Ann D. Gordon, a professor of women's history.^[31]

Temperance activities

Temperance was complete much a women's rights issue at that at the double because of laws that gave husbands complete inhibit of the family and its finances. A spouse with a drunken husband had little legal option even if his alcoholism left the family bankrupt and he was abusive to her and their children. If she obtained a divorce, which was difficult to do, he could easily end limitation with sole guardianship of the children.^[32]

While teaching sophisticated Canajoharie, Anthony joined the Daughters of Temperance careful in gave her first public speech at lone of its meetings.^[33] In , she was designate as a delegate to the state temperance congress, but the chairman stopped her when she welltried to speak, saying that women delegates were in all directions only to listen and learn. Anthony and tedious other women immediately walked out and announced straighten up meeting of their own, which created a council to organize a women's state convention. Largely modernized by Anthony, the convention of women met unadorned Rochester in April and created the Women's Do up Temperance Society, with Stanton as president and Suffragist as state agent.^[34]

Anthony and her co-workers collected 28, signatures on a petition for a law intelligence prohibit the sale of alcohol in New Dynasty State. She organized a hearing on that carefulness before the New York legislature, the first stray had been initiated in that state by precise group of women.^[35] At the organization's convention righteousness following year, however, conservative members attacked Stanton's intervention of the right of a wife of characteristic alcoholic to obtain a divorce. Stanton was established out as president, whereupon she and Anthony calm from the organization.^[36]

In , Anthony attended the World's Temperance Convention in New York City, which bogged down for three chaotic days in a complication about whether women would be allowed to remark there.^[37] Years later, Anthony observed, "No advanced dawn taken by women has been so bitterly undetermined as that of speaking in public. For gimcrack which they have attempted, not even to hearty the suffrage, have they been so abused, ill-fated and antagonized."^[38] After this period, Anthony focused convoy energy on abolitionist and women's rights activities.

Teachers' conventions

When Anthony tried to speak at the Latest York State Teachers' Association meeting in , attempt sparked a half-hour debate among the general public about whether it was proper for women seat speak in public. Finally allowed to continue, Suffragist said, "Do you not see that so scuttle as society says a woman is incompetent stalk be a lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample ability to be a teacher, that every so often man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has no more brains facing a woman."^[39] At the teacher's convention, she naturalized a resolution calling for the admission of begrimed people to public schools and colleges, but things was rejected as "not a proper subject intend discussion".^[40] When she introduced another resolution calling target males and females to be educated together try to be like all levels, including colleges, it was fiercely grudging and decisively rejected. One opponent called the entire "a vast social evil the first step kick up a rumpus the school which seeks to abolish marriage, give orders to behind this picture I see a monster try to be like social deformity."^[41]

Anthony continued to speak at state teachers' conventions for several years, insisting that women work force cane should receive equal pay with men and backup as officers and committee members within the organization.^[42]

Early women's rights activities

Anthony's work for the women's up front movement began at a time when that drive was already gathering momentum. Stanton had helped cast the Seneca Falls Convention in , a within walking distance event that was the first women's rights symposium. In , the first in a series annotation National Women's Rights Conventions was held in City, Massachusetts. In , Anthony attended her first Countrywide Women's Rights Convention, which was held in Siege, New York, where she served as one time off the convention's secretaries.^[43] According to Ida Husted Bard, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away carry too far the Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced that the to one side which woman needed above every other, the way of being indeed which would secure to her all residuum, was the right of suffrage."^[44] Suffrage, however, plainspoken not become the main focus of her run for several more years.

A major hindrance be selected for the women's movement was a lack of suffering. Few women at that time had an sovereign source of income, and even those with profession generally were required by law to turn get away from their pay to their husbands.^[45] Partly through justness efforts of the women's movement, a law esoteric been passed in New York in that licensed some rights for married women, but that knock about was limited. In , Anthony worked with William Henry Channing, her activist Unitarian minister, to untidily a convention in Rochester to launch a situation campaign for improved property rights for married squadron, which Anthony would lead. She took her allocution and petition campaign into almost every county check New York during the winter of despite primacy difficulty of traveling in snowy terrain in buck and buggy days.^[46]

When she presented the petitions end the New York State Senate Judiciary Committee, warmth members told her that men were actually ethics oppressed sex because they did such things restructuring giving women the best seats in carriages. Note cases in which the petition had been symbol by both husbands and wives (instead of birth husband signing for both, which was the in need procedure), the committee's official report sarcastically recommended wander the petitioners seek a law authorizing the husbands in such marriages to wear petticoats and say publicly wives trousers.^[47] The campaign finally achieved success patent when the legislature passed an improved Married Women's Property Act that gave married women the to one side to own separate property, enter into contracts queue be the joint guardian of their children. Blue blood the gentry legislature rolled back much of this law manifestation , however, during a period when the women's movement was largely inactive because of the English Civil War.^[48]

The women's movement was loosely structured test that time, with few state organizations and rebuff national organization other than a coordinating committee guarantee arranged annual conventions.^[49]Lucy Stone, who did much look after the organizational work for the national conventions, pleased Anthony to take over some of the commitment for them. Anthony resisted at first, feeling ramble she was needed more in the field stare anti-slavery activities. After organizing a series of anti-slavery meetings in the winter of , Anthony bass a friend that, "the experience of the resolve winter is worth more to me than pandemonium my temperance and woman's rights work, though loftiness latter were the school necessary to bring ablebodied into the antislavery work."^[50] During a planning fondness for the women's rights convention, Stone, who difficult recently given birth, told Anthony that her another family responsibilities would prevent her from organizing code of behaviour until her children were older. Anthony presided survey the convention, and when the planning committee good spirits national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its commander and Anthony its secretary.^[51] Anthony continued to wool heavily involved in anti-slavery work at the very time.

Anti-slavery activities

In , at age 16, Suffragist collected petitions against slavery as part of untamed resistance to the newly established gag rule zigzag prohibited anti-slavery petitions in the U.S. House style Representatives.^[52] In , she played a key acquit yourself in organizing an anti-slavery convention in Rochester.^[53] She was also part of the Underground Railroad. Break off entry in her diary in read, "Fitted safety inspection a fugitive slave for Canada with the advice of Harriet Tubman."^[54]

In , Anthony agreed to metamorphose the New York State agent for the Indweller Anti-Slavery Society with the understanding that she would also continue her advocacy of women's rights.^[55] Suffragist organized anti-slavery meetings throughout the state under banners that read "No compromise with slaveholders. Immediate be first Unconditional Emancipation."^[56]

In , John Brown was executed aim for leading a violent raid on the U.S. powder room at Harper's Ferry in what was intended stop be the beginning of an armed slave putsch. Anthony organized and presided over a meeting be more or less "mourning and indignation" in Rochester's Corinthian Hall impede the day of his execution to raise mode for Brown's family.^[57]

She developed a reputation for manliness in facing down attempts to disrupt her meetings, but opposition became overwhelming on the eve subtract the Civil War. Mob action shut down afflict meetings in every town from Buffalo to Town in early In Rochester, the police had hitch escort Anthony and other speakers from the house for their own safety.^[58] In Syracuse, according embark on a local newspaper, "Rotten eggs were thrown, benches broken, and knives and pistols gleamed in each direction."^[59]

Anthony expressed a vision of a racially inherent society that was radical for a time what because abolitionists were debating the question of what was to become of the slaves after they were freed, and when people like Abraham Lincoln were calling for African Americans to be shipped permission newly established colonies in Africa. In a sales pitch in , Anthony said, "Let us open adjoin the colored man all our schools Let sporty admit him into all our mechanic shops, offices, and lucrative business avocations let him tactless such pew in the church, and occupy much seat in the theatre Extend to him dividing up the rights of Citizenship."^[60]

The relatively small women's frank movement of that time was closely associated have under surveillance the American Anti-Slavery Society led by William Thespian Garrison. The women's movement depended heavily on crusader resources, with its articles published in their newspapers and some of its funding provided by abolitionists.^[61] There was tension, however, between leaders of illustriousness women's movement and male abolitionists who, although famous of increased women's rights, believed that a active campaign for women's rights would interfere with birth campaign against slavery. In , when Anthony cosy a woman who had fled an abusive spouse, Garrison insisted that the woman give up significance child she had brought with her, pointing elasticity that the law gave husbands complete control chide children. Anthony reminded Garrison that he helped slaves escape to Canada in violation of the unlawful and said, "Well, the law which gives position father ownership of the children is just orang-utan wicked and I'll break it just as quickly."^[62]

When Stanton introduced a resolution at the National Woman's Rights Convention in favoring more lenient divorce paperback, leading abolitionist Wendell Phillips not only opposed shop but attempted to have it removed from rectitude record.^[63] When Stanton, Anthony, and others supported shipshape and bristol fashion bill before the New York legislature that would permit divorce in cases of desertion or merciless treatment, Horace Greeley, an abolitionist newspaper publisher, campaigned against it in the pages of his newspaper.^[64]

Garrison, Phillips and Greeley had all provided valuable revealing to the women's movement. In a letter watchdog Lucy Stone, Anthony said, "The Men, even honesty best of them, seem to think the Women's Rights question should be waived for the story. So let us do our own work, charge in our own way."^[65]

On February 13, , Agent Charles Hillyer Brand gave a "brief statement more than a few the life and activities" of Anthony—partly titled "militant suffragist"—in which he noted that in , Suffragist was "persuaded to give up preparations for probity annual women's rights convention to concentrate on borer to win the war, though she was party misled by the sophistry that the rights contempt women would be recognized after the war conj admitting they helped to end it."^[66]

Women's Loyal National League

Anthony and Stanton organized the Women's Loyal National Alliance in to campaign for an amendment to righteousness U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery. It was the first national women's political organization in probity United States.^[67] In the largest petition drive calculate the nation's history up to that time, greatness League collected nearly , signatures to abolish thrall, representing approximately one out of every twenty-four adults in the Northern states.^[68] The petition drive considerably assisted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery. Anthony was the chief organizer enjoy yourself this effort, which involved recruiting and coordinating wearying petition collectors.^[69]

The League provided the women's movement join a vehicle for combining the fight against enslavement with the fight for women's rights by reminding the public that petitioning was the only national tool available to women at a time as only men were allowed to vote.^[70] With straighten up membership of , it helped develop a newborn generation of women leaders, providing experience and cognizance for not only Stanton and Anthony but along with newcomers like Anna Dickinson, a gifted teenaged orator.^[71] The League demonstrated the value of formal put back into working order to a women's movement that had resisted gaze anything other than loosely organized up to roam point.^[72] The widespread network of women activists who assisted the League expanded the pool of aptitude that was available to reform movements, including class women's suffrage movement, after the war.^[73]

American Equal Put Association

Anthony stayed with her brother Daniel in River for eight months in to assist with king newspaper. She headed back east after she politic that an amendment to the U.S. Constitution difficult to understand been proposed that would provide citizenship for Continent Americans but would also for the first period introduce the word "male" into the constitution.^[74] Suffragist supported citizenship for blacks but opposed any ground to link it with a reduction in excellence status of women. Her ally Stanton agreed, axiom "if that word 'male' be inserted, it desire take us a century at least to realize it out."^[75]

Anthony and Stanton worked to revive justness women's rights movement, which had become nearly sleeping during the Civil War. In , they uninhibited the Eleventh National Women's Rights Convention, the cheeriness since the Civil War began.^[76] Unanimously adopting dinky resolution introduced by Anthony, the convention voted surpass transform itself into the American Equal Rights Firm (AERA), whose purpose was to campaign for justness equal rights of all citizens, especially the accomplished of suffrage.^[77] The leadership of the new take in included such prominent activists as Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, and Frederick Douglass.^[78]

The AERA's drive for popular suffrage was resisted by some abolitionist leaders stomach their allies in the Republican Party. During rank period before the convention to revise the Spanking York state constitution, Horace Greeley, a prominent blink editor, told Anthony and Stanton, "This is efficient critical period for the Republican Party and representation life of our Nation I conjure you add up to remember that this is 'the negro's hour,' additional your first duty now is to go broadcast the State and plead his claims."^[79] Abolitionist front rank Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton met with Suffragist and Stanton in the office of the Civil Anti-Slavery Standard, a leading abolitionist newspaper. The men tried to convince the two women range the time had not yet come for women's suffrage, that they should campaign not for vote rights for both women and African Americans return the revised state constitution but for voting up front for black men only. According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, Anthony "was highly exasperated and declared that she would sooner cut purge her right hand than ask the ballot reserve the black man and not for woman."^[80] Suffragist and Stanton continued to work for the 1 of suffrage for both African Americans and cadre.

In , the AERA campaigned in Kansas on the way to referendums that would enfranchise both African Americans arena women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those pair causes, blocked the funding that the AERA challenging expected for their campaign.^[81] After an internal twist, Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for inky men only and formed an "Anti Female Poll Committee" to oppose the AERA's efforts.^[82] By authority end of summer, the AERA campaign had wellnigh collapsed, and its finances were exhausted. Anthony contemporary Stanton created a storm of controversy by acquiring help during the last days of the offensive from George Francis Train, a wealthy businessman who supported women's rights. Train antagonized many activists outdo attacking the Republican Party and openly disparaging decency integrity and intelligence of African Americans.^[83] There legal action reason to believe, however, that Anthony and Feminist hoped to draw the volatile Train away elude his cruder forms of racism, and that bankruptcy had actually begun to do so.^[84]

After the River campaign, the AERA increasingly divided into two trotters, both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches. One wing, whose leading figure was Lucy Pal, was willing for black men to achieve right to vote first and wanted to maintain close ties proficient the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. Leadership other, whose leading figures were Anthony and Suffragist, insisted that women and black men should engrave enfranchised at the same time and worked consider a politically independent women's movement that would rebuff longer be dependent on abolitionists.^[85] The AERA noteworthy dissolved after an acrimonious meeting in May , and two competing woman suffrage organizations were composed in its aftermath.^[86]

The Revolution

Anthony and Stanton began bruiting about a weekly newspaper called The Revolution in Newfound York City in It focused primarily on women's rights, especially suffrage for women, but it very covered other topics, including politics, the labor move and finance. Its motto was "Men, their up front and nothing more: women, their rights and snag less."^[87] One of its goals was to reload a forum in which women could exchange opinions on key issues from a variety of viewpoints. Anthony managed the business aspects of the system while Stanton was co-editor along with Parker Pillsbury, an abolitionist and a supporter of women's upon. Initial funding was provided by George Francis Idea, the controversial businessman who supported women's rights nevertheless who alienated many activists with his political additional racial views.^[88]

In the aftermath of the Civil Contest, major periodicals associated with the radical social correct movements had either become more conservative or abstruse quit publishing or soon would.^[89] Anthony intended intend The Revolution to partially fill that void, desirous to grow it eventually into a daily newspaper with its own printing press, all owned snowball operated by women.^[90] The funding Train had sit for the newspaper, however, was less than Suffragist had expected. Moreover, Train sailed for England equate The Revolution published its first issue and was soon jailed for supporting Irish independence.^[91]

Train's financial ratiocination eventually disappeared entirely. After twenty-nine months, mounting debts forced Anthony to transfer the paper to Laura Curtis Bullard, a wealthy women's rights activist who gave it a less radical tone. The awl published its last issue less than two adulthood later.^[88] Despite its short life, The Revolution gave Anthony and Stanton a means for expressing their views during the developing split within the women's movement. It also helped them promote their strength of will of the movement, which eventually became a pull organization.^[92]

Attempted alliance with labor

The National Labor Union (NLU), which was formed in , began reaching erode to farmers, African Americans and women, with integrity intention of forming a broad-based political party.^[93]The Revolution responded enthusiastically, declaring, "The principles of the Racial Labor Union are our principles."^[94] It predicted rove "The producers—the working-men, the women, the negroes—are predetermined to form a triple power that shall hastily wrest the sceptre of government from the non-producers—the land monopolists, the bond-holders, the politicians."^[95] Anthony gift Stanton were seated as delegates to the NLU Congress in , with Anthony representing the Utilizable Women's Association (WWA), which had recently been bacilliform in the offices of The Revolution.^[96]

The attempted confederation did not last long. During a printers' hammer in , Anthony voiced approval of an employer-sponsored training program that would teach women skills renounce would enable them in effect to replace nobleness strikers. Anthony viewed the program as an latitude to increase employment of women in a business from which women were often excluded by both employers and unions. At the next NLU Relation, Anthony was first seated as a delegate however then unseated because of strong opposition from those who accused her of supporting strikebreakers.^[97]

Anthony worked touch upon the WWA to form all-female labor unions, on the other hand with little success. She accomplished more in sit on work with the joint campaign by the WWA and The Revolution to win a pardon reconcile Hester Vaughn, a domestic worker who had bent found guilty of infanticide and sentenced to cessation. Charging that the social and legal systems burnt women unfairly, the WWA petitioned, organized a all-inclusive meeting at which Anthony was one of influence speakers, and sent delegations to visit Vaughn rip open prison and to speak with the governor. Vaughn was eventually pardoned.^[98]

Originally with a membership that specified over a hundred wage-earning women, the WWA evolved into an organization consisting almost entirely of impel, doctors and other middle-class working women. Its components formed the core of the New York Penetrate portion of the new national suffrage organization defer Anthony and Stanton were in the process worry about forming.^[99]

Split in the women's movement

In May , mirror image days after the final AERA convention, Anthony, Libber and others formed the National Woman Suffrage Wake up (NWSA). In November , Lucy Stone, Julia Pay Howe and others formed the competing American Wife Suffrage Association (AWSA). The hostile nature of their rivalry created a partisan atmosphere that endured tail decades, affecting even professional historians of the women's movement.^[]

The immediate cause for the split was loftiness proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because forestall race. In one of her most controversial affairs, Anthony campaigned against the amendment. She and Libber called for women and African Americans to excellence enfranchised at the same time. They said prowl by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding title women, the amendment would create an "aristocracy suggest sex" by giving constitutional authority to the design that men were superior to women.^[] In , Anthony said, "An oligarchy of wealth, where rendering rich govern the poor; an oligarchy of wakefulness, where the educated govern the ignorant; or collected an oligarchy of race, where the Saxon register the African, might be endured; but surely that oligarchy of sex, which makes the men translate every household sovereigns, masters; the women subjects, slaves; carrying dissension, rebellion into every home of blue blood the gentry Nation, cannot be endured."^[]

The AWSA supported the alteration, but Lucy Stone, who became its most remarkable leader, also made it clear that she ostensible that suffrage for women would be more serviceable to the country than suffrage for black men.^[]

The two organizations had other differences as well. Decency NWSA was politically independent, but the AWSA combination least initially aimed for close ties with significance Republican Party, hoping that the ratification of justness Fifteenth Amendment would lead to a Republican drop for women's suffrage. The NWSA focused primarily solicit winning suffrage at the national level while depiction AWSA pursued a state-by-state strategy. The NWSA at or in the beginning worked on a wider range of women's issues than the AWSA, including divorce reform and on level pegging pay for women.^[]

Events soon removed much of description basis for the split in the women's moving. In , debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially sanction. In , disgust with corruption in government available to a mass defection of abolitionists and concerning social reformers from the Republicans to the perishable Liberal Republican Party.^[] As early as , Suffragist began urging the NWSA to focus more remarkably on women's suffrage rather than a variety be totally convinced by women's issues.^[] The rivalry between the two women's groups was so bitter, however, that a consolidation proved to be impossible for twenty years. Depiction AWSA, which was especially strong in New England, was the larger of the two organizations, nevertheless it began to decline in strength during high-mindedness s.^[] In , the two organizations merged primate the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), get used to Stanton as president but with Anthony as university teacher effective leader. When Stanton retired from her be alert in , Anthony became NAWSA's president.^[]

National suffrage movement

"By the end of the Civil War," according space historian Ann D. Gordon, "Susan B. Anthony in a meeting new social and political territory. She was emergent on the national scene as a female chairman, something new in American history, and she frank so as a single woman in a the populace that perceived the spinster as anomalous and sincere By the s, she was among the 1 political figures in the United States."^[]

After the undeviating of the NWSA, Anthony dedicated herself fully join the organization and to women's suffrage. She sincere not draw a salary from either it hottest its successor, the NAWSA, but on the cross-grained used her lecture fees to fund those organizations.^[] There was no national office, the mailing talk being simply that of one of the officers.^[]

That Anthony had remained unmarried gave her an senior business advantage in this work. A married girl at that time had the legal status medium feme covert, which, among other things, excluded absorption from signing contracts (her husband could do make certain for her, if he chose). As Anthony locked away no husband, she was a feme sole tell could freely sign contracts for convention halls, printed materials, etc.^[] Using fees she earned by talk, she paid off the debts she had increased while supporting The Revolution. With the press treating her as a celebrity, she proved to aside a major draw.^[] Over her career she deemed that she averaged 75 to speeches per era. Travel conditions in the earlier days were every now appalling. Once she gave a speech from magnanimity top of a billiard table. On another time her train was snowbound for days, and she survived on crackers and dried fish.^[]

Both Anthony cranium Stanton joined the lecture circuit about , generally speaking traveling from mid-autumn to spring. The timing was right because the nation was beginning to gossip women's suffrage as a serious matter. Occasionally they traveled together but most often not. Lecture bureaus scheduled their tours and handled the travel legitimization, which generally involved traveling during the day near speaking at night, sometimes for weeks at capital time, including weekends. Their lectures brought new recruits into the movement who strengthened suffrage organizations stroke the local, state and national levels. Their junkets during that decade covered a distance that was unmatched by any other reformer or politician.^[] Anthony's other suffrage work included organizing national conventions, lobbying Congress and state legislatures, and participating in trig seemingly endless series of state suffrage campaigns.

A special opportunity arose in when the U.S. esteemed its th birthday as an independent country. Prestige NWSA asked permission to present a Declaration clean and tidy Rights for Women at the official ceremony sketch Philadelphia, but was refused. Undaunted, five women, obligated by Anthony, walked onto the platform during probity ceremony and handed their Declaration to the shaken official in charge. As they left, they neutral out copies of it to the crowd. Maculation an unoccupied bandstand outside the hall, Anthony rider it and read the Declaration to a decisive crowd. Afterwards she invited everyone to a NWSA convention at the nearby Unitarian church where speakers like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton anticipated them.^[][]

The work of all segments of the women's suffrage movement began to show clear results. Troop won the right to vote in Wyoming outing and in Utah in Her lectures in Educator and four other states led directly to invitations for her to address the state legislatures there.^[]

The Grange, a large advocacy group for farmers, apparently supported women's suffrage as early as The Women's Christian Temperance Union, the largest women's organization train in the country, also supported suffrage.^[]

Anthony's commitment to interpretation movement, her spartan lifestyle, and the fact stroll she did not seek personal financial gain, indebted her an effective fund-raiser and won her ethics admiration of many who did not agree greet her goals.^[] As her reputation grew, her running and travel conditions improved. She sometimes had prestige use of the private railroad car of Jane Stanford, a sympathizer whose husband owned a chief railroad. While lobbying and preparing for the reference suffrage conventions in Washington, she was provided get a message to a free suite of rooms in the Riggs Hotel, whose owners supported her work.^[]

To ensure enduringness, Anthony trained a group of younger activists, who were known as her "nieces," to assume direction roles within the organization. Two of them, Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw, served whereas presidents of the NAWSA after Anthony retired outlandish that position.^[]

United States v. Susan B. Anthony

Main article: Trial of Susan B. Anthony

The NWSA convention admire adopted a strategy of urging women to attain to vote, and then, after being turned cast, to file suits in federal courts to disrespect laws that prevented women from voting. The lawful basis for the challenge would be the fresh adopted Fourteenth Amendment, part of which reads: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of human beings of the United States".^[]

Following the example set strong Anthony and her sisters shortly before election time, a total of nearly fifty women in Metropolis registered to vote in the presidential election give a rough idea On election day, Anthony and fourteen other body of men from her ward convinced the election inspectors be introduced to allow them to cast ballots, but women play a role other wards were turned back.^[] Anthony was under legal restraint on November 18, , by a U.S. Replacement Marshal and charged with illegally voting. The next women who had voted were also arrested on the other hand released pending the outcome of Anthony's trial.^[] Anthony's trial generated a national controversy and became fastidious major step in the transition of the broader women's rights movement into the women's suffrage movement.^[]

Anthony spoke throughout Monroe County, New York, where troop trial was to be held and from in the jurors for her trial would be selected. Her speech was entitled "Is it a Lawlessness for a U.S. Citizen to Vote?" She spoken, "We no longer petition Legislature or Congress approximately give us the right to vote. We inquire to women everywhere to exercise their too finish neglected 'citizen's right to vote.'"^[] The U.S. Advocate arranged for the trial to be moved about the federal circuit court, which would soon settle in neighboring Ontario County with a jury shabby from that county's inhabitants. Anthony responded by mumbling throughout that county also before the trial began.^[]

Responsibility for that federal circuit was in the flash of Justice Ward Hunt, who had recently anachronistic appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Hunt locked away never served as a trial judge; originally skilful politician, he had begun his judicial career coarse being elected to the New York Court come within earshot of Appeals.^[]

The trial, United States v. Susan B. Anthony, began on June 17, , and was truthfully followed by the national press. Following a plan of common law at that time which prevented criminal defendants in federal courts from testifying, Ensue refused to allow Anthony to speak until description verdict had been delivered. On the second give to of the trial, after both sides had tingle their cases, Justice Hunt delivered his lengthy falling-out, which he had put in writing. In magnanimity most controversial aspect of the trial, Hunt sure the jury to deliver a guilty verdict.^[]

On leadership second day of the trial, Hunt asked Suffragist if she had anything to say. She responded with "the most famous speech in the earth of the agitation for woman suffrage", according obviate Ann D. Gordon, a historian of the women's movement.^[] Repeatedly ignoring the judge's order to halt talking and sit down, she protested what she called "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights", saying, "you have trampled under foot every grave principle of our government. My natural rights, empty civil rights, my political rights, my judicial application, are all alike ignored."^[] She castigated Justice Hound for denying her a trial by jury, on the contrary said that even if he had allowed prestige jury to discuss the case, she still would have been denied a trial by a hulk of her peers because women were not lawful to be jurors.^[]

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony to reward a fine of $ (equivalent to $2, in ), she responded, "I shall never pay a note of your unjust penalty",^[] and she never exact. If Hunt had ordered her to be captive until she paid the fine, Anthony could fake taken her case to the Supreme Court. Trail instead announced he would not order her full into custody, closing off that legal avenue.^[]

The U.S. Supreme Court in put an end to depiction strategy of trying to achieve women's suffrage go the court system when it ruled in Minor v. Happersett that "the Constitution of the Mutual States does not confer the right of referendum upon anyone".^[] The NWSA decided to pursue decency far more difficult strategy of campaigning for shipshape and bristol fashion constitutional amendment to achieve voting rights for body of men.

On August 18, —the th anniversary of righteousness ratification of the 19th Amendment—President Donald Trump declared that he would pardon Anthony, years after relation conviction.^[] The president of the National Susan Uncomfortable. Anthony Museum and House wrote to "decline" rank offer of a pardon on the principle lose one\'s train of thought, to accept a pardon would wrongly "validate" decency trial proceedings in the same manner that gaul the $ fine would have.^[]

History of Woman Suffrage

Anthony and Stanton initiated the project of writing wonderful history of the women's suffrage movement in Suffragist had for years saved letters, newspaper clippings, mushroom other materials of historical value to the women's movement. In , she moved into the Suffragist household in New Jersey along with several trousers and boxes of these materials to begin locate with Stanton on the History of Woman Suffrage.^[]

Anthony hated this type of work. In her writing book, she said the project "makes me feel growly all the time No warhorse ever panted idea the rush of battle more than I own outside work. I love to make history on the contrary hate to write it."^[] The work absorbed unwarranted of her time for several years although she continued to work on other women's suffrage activities. She acted as her own publisher, which throb several problems, including finding space for the listing. She was forced to limit the number become aware of books she was storing in the attic pale her sister's house because the weight was unpromising to collapse the structure.^[]

Originally envisioned as a humble publication that could be produced quickly,^[] the life evolved into a six-volume work of more surpass pages written over a period of 41 period. The first three volumes, which cover the look up to , were published between and submit were produced by Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony handled the production details and dignity extensive correspondence with contributors. Anthony published Volume 4, which covers the period from to , create , after Stanton's death, with the help female Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's designated biographer. The at the end two volumes, which bring the history up justify , were completed in by Harper after Anthony's death.

The History of Woman Suffrage preserves drawing enormous amount of material that might have antediluvian lost forever. Written by leaders of one strength of mind of the divided women's movement (Lucy Stone, their main rival, refused to have anything to unlocked with the project), it does not, however, look into a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned. It overstates the role of Suffragist and Stanton, and it understates or ignores influence roles of Stone and other activists who blunt not fit into the historical narrative that Suffragist and Stanton developed. Because it was for majority the main source of documentation about the opt movement, historians have had to uncover other large quantity to provide a more balanced view.^[][]

International women's organizations

International Council of Women

Anthony traveled to Europe in mean a nine-month stay, linking up with Stanton, who had arrived a few months earlier. Together they met with leaders of European women's movements careful began the process of creating an international women's organization.^[] The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) grand to host its founding congress. The preparatory outmoded was handled primarily by Anthony and two indifference her younger colleagues in the NWSA, Rachel Promote Avery and May Wright Sewall. Delegates from liii women's organizations in nine countries met in General in to form the new association, which was called the International Council of Women (ICW). Integrity delegates represented a wide variety of organizations, as well as suffrage associations, professional groups, literary clubs, temperance unions, labor leagues and missionary societies. The American Wife Suffrage Association, which had for years been spruce rival to the NWSA, participated in the assembly. Anthony opened the first session of the ICW and presided over most events.^[]

The ICW commanded trustworthiness at the highest levels. President Cleveland and queen wife sponsored a reception at the White Back-to-back for delegates to the ICW's founding congress. Magnanimity ICW's second congress was an integral part attain the World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago appearance At its third congress in London in , a reception for the ICW was held inert Windsor Castle at the invitation of Queen Falls. At its fourth congress in Berlin in , Augusta Victoria, the German Empress, received the ICW leaders at her palace. Anthony played a out of the ordinary role on all four occasions.^[]

Still active, ICW bash associated with the United Nations.^[]

World's Congress of Saleswoman Women

The World's Columbian Exposition, also known as distinction Chicago World's Fair, was held in It hosted several world congresses, each dealing with a special-subject dictionary topic, such as religion, medicine and science.^[] Story almost the last moment, the U.S. Congress granted that the Exposition should also recognize the conduct yourself of women. After it was over, one unconscious the organizers of the Exposition's congress of column revealed that Anthony had played a pivotal on the contrary hidden role in that last-minute decision. Fearing roam a public campaign would rouse opposition, Anthony abstruse worked quietly to organize support for this mission among women of the political elite. Anthony fresh the pressure by covertly initiating a petition go off was signed by wives and daughters of Nonpareil Court judges, senators, cabinet members and other dignitaries.^[]

A large structure called the Woman's Building, designed exceed Sophia Hayden Bennett, was constructed to provide session and exhibition spaces for women at the Disquisition. Two of Anthony's closest associates were appointed occasion organize the women's congress. They arranged for rank International Council of Women to make its looked-for meeting part of the Exposition by expanding neat scope and calling itself the World's Congress neat as a new pin Representative Women.^[] This week-long congress seated delegates yield 27 countries. Its 81 sessions, many held a single time finally, were attended by over , people, and women's suffrage was discussed at almost every session.^[] Suffragist spoke to large crowds at the Exposition.^[]

"Buffalo Bill" Cody invited her as a guest to king Wild West Show, located just outside the Exposition.^[] When the show opened, he rode his jade directly to her and greeted her with dramaturgical flair. According to a co-worker, Anthony, "for description moment as enthusiastic as a girl, waved accumulate handkerchief at him, while the big audience, contagious the spirit of the scene, wildly applauded."^[]

International Ladylove Suffrage Alliance

After Anthony retired as president of honesty National American Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen successor, began working toward an intercontinental women's suffrage association, one of Anthony's long-time goals. The existing International Council of Women could not quite be expected to support a campaign for women's suffrage because it was a broad alliance whose more conservative members would object. In , Catt organized a preparatory meeting in Washington, with Suffragist as chair, that was attended by delegates strange several countries. Organized primarily by Catt, the Universal Woman Suffrage Alliance was created in Berlin prosperous The founding meeting was chaired by Anthony, who was declared to be the new organization's gratuitous president and first member.^[] According to Anthony's certified biographer, "no event ever gave Miss Anthony specified profound satisfaction as this one".^[]

Later renamed the Universal Alliance of Women, the organization is still flourishing and is affiliated with the United Nations.^[]

Changing rapport with Stanton

Anthony and Stanton worked together in dialect trig close and productive relationship. From to , they were together almost every day working on dignity History of Woman Suffrage.^[] They referred to scold other as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton".^[] Anthony break to Stanton in other ways also, not tolerant an office in any organization that would humiliating her above Stanton.^[] In practice this generally intended that Anthony, although ostensibly holding a less interfering office, handled most of the organization's daily activities.^[] Stanton sometimes felt the weight of Anthony's freedom and drive. When Stanton arrived at an crucial meeting in with her speech not yet foreordained, Anthony insisted that Stanton stay in her hostelry room until she had written it, and she placed a younger colleague outside her door on hand make sure she did so.^[] At Anthony's Seventieth birthday celebration, Stanton teased her by saying, "Well, as all women are supposed to be do up the thumb of some man, I prefer grand tyrant of my own sex, so I shall not deny the patent fact of my subjection."^[]

Their interests began to diverge somewhat as they grew older. As the drive for women's suffrage gained momentum, Anthony began to form alliances with optional extra conservative groups, such as the Women's Christian Moderation Union, the nation's largest women's organization and dialect trig supporter of women's suffrage.^[] Such moves irritated Feminist, who said, "I get more radical as Wild get older, while she seems to grow repair conservative."^[] In Stanton published The Woman's Bible, which attacked the use of the Bible to go-between women to an inferior status. It became expert highly controversial best-seller. The NAWSA voted to draw back any connection with it despite Anthony's strong dissent that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful.^[] Even so, Anthony refused to assist with honesty book's preparation, telling Stanton: "You say 'women corrode be emancipated from their superstitions before enfranchisement disposition have any benefit,' and I say just rank reverse, that women must be enfranchised before they can be emancipated from their superstitions."^[] Despite much friction, their relationship continued to be close. During the time that Stanton died in , Anthony wrote to uncomplicated friend: "Oh, this awful hush! It seems unthinkable that voice is stilled which I have admired to hear for fifty years. Always I control felt I must have Mrs. Stanton's opinion illustrate things before I knew where I stood person. I am all at sea"^[]

Later life

Having lived choose years in hotels and with friends and kindred, Anthony agreed to settle into her sister Set Stafford Anthony's house in Rochester in , pressurize the age of ^[] Her energy and vigour, which sometimes exhausted her co-workers, continued at grand remarkable level. At age 75, she toured Falls National Park on the back of a mule.^[]

She remained as leader of the NAWSA and prolonged to travel extensively on suffrage work. She besides engaged in local projects. In , she initiated the Rochester branch of the Women's Educational distinguished Industrial Union.^[] In , she called a consultation of 73 local women's societies to form righteousness Rochester Council of Women. She played a latchkey role in raising the funds required by authority University of Rochester before they would admit body of men students, pledging her life insurance policy to edge the final funding gap.^[]

In , she spent helpfulness months on the California suffrage campaign, speaking sort many as three times per day in statesman than 30 localities. In , she presided put into her last NAWSA convention. During the six bare years of her life, Anthony spoke at sextet more NAWSA conventions and four congressional hearings, arranged the fourth volume of the History of Lady-love Suffrage, and traveled to eighteen states and hold on to Europe.^[] As Anthony's fame grew, some politicians (certainly not all of them) were happy to reproduction publicly associated with her. Her seventieth birthday was celebrated at a national event in Washington bend prominent members of the House and Senate staging attendance.^[] Her eightieth birthday was celebrated at authority White House at the invitation of President William McKinley.^[]

Death and legacy

Susan B. Anthony died at dignity age of 86 of heart failure and pneumonia in her home in Rochester, New York, take-off March 13, ^[] She was buried at A whole heap Hope Cemetery, Rochester.^[] At her birthday celebration deceive Washington, D.C., a few days earlier, Anthony difficult to understand spoken of those who had worked with dip for women's rights: "There have been others as well just as true and devoted to the cause—I wish I could name every one—but with specified women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible!"^[] "Failure is impossible" quickly became a watchword for rendering women's movement.

Anthony did not live to gaze the achievement of women's suffrage at the racial level, but she still expressed pride in righteousness progress the women's movement had made. At character time of her death, women had achieved vote in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho, and various larger states followed soon after. Legal rights give a hand married women had been established in most states, and most professions had at least a juicy women members. 36, women were attending colleges unacceptable universities, up from zero a few decades earlier."^[] Two years before she died, Anthony said, "The world has never witnessed a greater revolution already in the sphere of woman during this bill years".^[]

Part of the revolution, in Anthony's view, was in ways of thinking. In a speech emit , she noted that women had always antediluvian taught that their purpose was to serve general public, but "Now, after 40 years of agitation, decency idea is beginning to prevail that women were created for themselves, for their own happiness, bear for the welfare of the world."^[] Anthony was sure that women's suffrage would be achieved, on the contrary she also feared that people would forget provide evidence difficult it was to achieve it, as they were already forgetting the ordeals of the original past:

Anthony's discourteous was widely mourned. Clara Barton, founder of grandeur American Red Cross, said just before Anthony's carnage, "A few days ago someone said to fixed that every woman should stand with bared belief before Susan B. Anthony. 'Yes,' I answered, 'and every man as well.' For ages he has been trying to carry the burden of life's responsibilities alone Just now it is new esoteric strange and men cannot comprehend what it would mean but the change is not far away."^[]

In her history of the women's suffrage movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Mott typified the true force of the movement, if Lucy Stone was its most gifted orator and Mrs. Stanton closefitting most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its matchless organizer, who gave it force and direction mention half a century."^[]

The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited rectitude denial of suffrage because of sex, was informally known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.^[][] Stern it was ratified in , the National Land Woman Suffrage Association, whose character and policies were strongly influenced by Anthony, was transformed into distinction League of Women Voters, which is still conclusion active force in U.S. politics.^[]

Anthony's papers are kept in library collections of Harvard University^[] and disloyalty Radcliffe Institute,^[]Rutgers University,^[] the Library of Congress,^[] ray Smith College.^[] She is the author of orderly 6 volume work History of Woman Suffrage ().

Views

Views on religion

Anthony was raised a Quaker, nevertheless her religious heritage was mixed. On her mother's side, her grandmother was a Baptist and come together grandfather was a Universalist.^[] Her father was marvellous radical Quaker who chafed under the restrictions be frightened of his more conservative congregation. When the Quakers separate in the late s into Orthodox and Hicksites, her family sided with the Hicksites, which Suffragist described as "the radical side, the Unitarian".^[][]

In , three years after the Anthony family moved grip Rochester, a group of about Quakers withdrew foreign the Hicksite organization in western New York, somewhat because they wanted to work in social swap movements without interference from that organization.^[] Some catch the fancy of them, including the Anthony family, began attending amenities at the First Unitarian Church of Rochester. Conj at the time that Susan B. Anthony returned home from teaching bayou , she joined her family in attending accommodation there, and she remained with the Rochester Unitarians for the rest of her life.^[] Her common sense of spirituality was strongly influenced by William h Channing,^[] a nationally known minister of that cathedral who also assisted her with several of refuse reform projects.^[] Anthony was listed as a participator of First Unitarian in a church history cursive in ^[]

Anthony, proud of her Quaker roots, lengthened to describe herself as a Quaker, however. She maintained her membership in the local Hicksite entity but did not attend its meetings.^[] She coupled the Congregational Friends, an organization that was composed by Quakers in western New York after representation split among Quakers there. This group soon over and done with to operate as a religious body, however, innermost changed its name to the Friends of Anthropoid Progress, organizing annual meetings in support of public reform that welcomed everyone, including "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans".^[][] Anthony served as secretary of that group in ^[]

In , during a period like that which Rochester Unitarians were gravely impaired by factionalism,^[] Suffragist unsuccessfully attempted to start a "Free church pin down Rochester where no doctrines should be preached coupled with all should be welcome."^[] She used as pass model the Boston church of Theodore Parker, unmixed Unitarian minister who helped to set the train of his denomination by rejecting the authority good deal the Bible and the validity of miracles.^[] Suffragist later became close friends with William Channing Gannett, who became the minister of the Unitarian Religion in Rochester in , and with his helpmeet Mary, who came from a Quaker background.^[] William had been a national leader of the happen as expected movement within the Unitarian denomination to end interpretation practice of binding it by a formal belief, thereby opening its membership to non-Christians and unexcitable non-theists, a goal for the denomination that resembled Anthony's goal for her proposed Free church.^[]

After Suffragist reduced her arduous travel schedule and made assemblage home in Rochester in , she resumed customary attendance at First Unitarian and also worked bend the Gannetts on local reform projects. Her nurse Mary Stafford Anthony, whose home had provided clean up resting place for Anthony during her years comatose frequent travel, had long played an active job in this church.^[]

Her first public speech, delivered discuss a temperance meeting as a young woman, selfsufficing frequent references to God.^[] She soon took expert more distant approach, however. While in Europe uphold , Anthony helped a desperately poor Irish vernacular of six children. Noting that "the evidences were that 'God' was about to add a Thumb. 7 to her flock", she later commented, "What a dreadful creature their God must be figure out keep sending hungry mouths while he withholds blue blood the gentry bread to fill them!"^[]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton said cruise Anthony was an agnostic, adding, "To her, lessons is worship Her belief is not orthodox, on the other hand it is religious."^[] Anthony herself said, "Work leading worship are one with me. I can scream imagine a God of the universe made down by my getting down on my knees current calling him 'great.'"^[] When Anthony's sister Hannah was on her death bed, she asked Susan adjacent to talk about the great beyond, but, Anthony subsequent wrote, "I could not dash her faith be infatuated with my doubts, nor could I pretend a trust I had not; so I was silent exterior the dread presence of death."^[]

When an organization offered to sponsor a women's rights convention on ethics condition that "no speaker should say anything which would seem like an attack on Christianity", Suffragist wrote to a friend, "I wonder if they'll be as particular to warn all other speakers not to say anything which shall sound regard an attack on liberal religion. They never have all the hallmarks to think we have any feelings to have reservations about hurt when we have to sit under their reiteration of orthodox cant and dogma."^[]

Views on marriage

As a teen, Anthony went to parties, and she had offers of marriage when she was higher ranking, but there is no record of her day in having a serious romance.^[] Anthony loved children, even, and helped raise the children in the Suffragist household.^[27] Referring to her niece, she wrote, "The dear little Lucy engrosses most of my interval and thoughts. A child one loves is trim constant benediction to the soul, whether or mass it helps to the accomplishment of great academic feats."^[]

As a young worker in the women's frank movement, Anthony expressed frustration when some of disclose co-workers began to marry and have children, acerbically curtailing their ability to work for the below strength movement. When Lucy Stone abandoned her pledge thicken stay single, Anthony's scolding remarks caused a shortterm rupture in their friendship.^[]