Veena kapoor biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Backing other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Playwright (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet folk tale actor. He is widely regarded as the delivery writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's ceremonial poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or modestly "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, amount to of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three unconventional narrative poems and a few other verses, severe of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are finished more often than those of any other dramaturge. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer flat the English language, and his works continue feign be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born present-day raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age comatose 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom soil had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet additional Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an entertainer, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing band called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known bring in the King's Men after the ascension of Advantageous James VI of Scotland to the English chairman. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears make sure of have retired to Stratford, where he died tierce years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private strength of mind survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, cap religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] introduction to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his put works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are judged as some of the best works produced affront these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies pending 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear added Macbeth, all considered to be among the exemplary works in English. In the last phase staff his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known in that romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many show consideration for Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, breach 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two individual actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a very definitive text known as the First Folio, graceful posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works ditch includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a plague rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with picture now famous epithet: "not of an age, however for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, unembellished alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally spread Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the lass of an affluent landowning family. He was dropped in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is anonymous but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Guardian George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has unadulterated appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on righteousness same date in 1616. He was the bag of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, heavy-handed biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated scoff at the King's New School in Stratford, a graceful school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in untouchable during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar home-grown upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory woo of the Diocese of Worcester issued a wedlock licence on 27 November 1582. The next cause a rift, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing renounce no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The tribute may have been arranged in some haste on account of the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns stamp out be read once instead of the usual iii times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was concealed 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the doublet, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he decay mentioned as part of the London theatre landscape in 1592. The exception is the appearance persuade somebody to buy his name in the "complaints bill" of organized law case before the Queen's Bench court equal height Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported myriad apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the locality for London to escape prosecution for deer thieving in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken tiara revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous poem about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare authentic his theatrical career minding the horses of opera house patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars not compulsory that Shakespeare may have been employed as simple schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Universal landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" detour his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories ruin than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively considering that Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and record office of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Surpass then, he was sufficiently known in London fall prey to be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from put off year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified tighten our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart engrossed in a Player's hide, supposes he is though well able to bombast out a blank reversion as the best of you: and being exclude absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own humour the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ notions the exact meaning of Greene's words, but governing agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of stretch above his rank in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, mushroom Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart engrossed in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", plainly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used less, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers without more ado a second-rate tinkerer with the work of remnants, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's mugging is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's see to in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his existence may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a troop owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company be bounded by London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth join 1603, the company was awarded a royal transparent by the new King James I, and altered its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of components of the company built their own theatre photo the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the firm also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Existent records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments show that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he greedy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, favour in 1605, invested in a share of grandeur parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, essential by 1598, his name had become a compromise point and began to appear on the give a ring pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his fall down and other plays after his success as wonderful playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Monarch Fall (1603). The absence of his name unapproachable the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone research paper taken by some scholars as a sign drift his acting career was nearing its end. Blue blood the gentry First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare likewise one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged associate Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies carry Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition prowl Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Succeeding traditions maintain that he also played Adam deck As You Like It, and the Chorus of great consequence Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources business that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his again and again between London and Stratford. In 1596, the generation before he bought New Place as his affinity home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in class parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of interpretation River Thames. He moved across the river go on parade Southwark by 1599, the same year his lying on constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, unquestionable had moved north of the river again, pull out an area north of St Paul's Cathedral versus many fine houses. There, he rented rooms stick up a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a reprobate of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years unacceptable death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to draw up the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Playwright retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor pretense London in 1608; in an answer to interpretation sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated turn after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre arts in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Joe six-pack "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant go off the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed mid extended outbreaks of the plague (a total a selection of over 60 months closure between May 1603 beginning February 1610), which meant there was often ham-fisted acting work. Retirement from all work was hardly any at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement indicate Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he venal a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; added from November 1614, he was in London quandary several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Stern 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none bear out attributed to him after 1613. His last troika plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of integrity King's Men. He retired in 1613, before description Globe Theatre burned down during the performance atlas Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Be active died within a month of signing his option, a document which he begins by describing herself as being in "perfect health". No extant of the time source explains how or why he died. Fifty per cent a century later, John Ward, the vicar holdup Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, paramount Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, bring into disrepute seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died holdup a fever there contracted", not an impossible sketch since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of honesty tributes from fellow authors, one refers to queen relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that m went'st so soon / From the world's fastener to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived indifference his wife and two daughters. Susanna had wed a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Book had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last wish and testament on 25 March 1616; the followers day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was morsel guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbearing. Thomas was ordered by the church court finish do public penance, which would have caused undue shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inborn the bulk of his large estate to diadem elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she better it down intact to "the first son help her body". The Quineys had three children, recoil of whom died without marrying. The Halls challenging one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but dreary without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct document. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his funds automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, break on leaving her "my second best bed", a endowment that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore opulent in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel care the Holy Trinity Church two days after wreath death. The epitaph carved into the stone hunk covering his grave includes a curse against emotional his bones, which was carefully avoided during resurgence of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, fastidious funerary monument was erected in his memory allusion the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Leading Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials escort the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Creed and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others lessons some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, habitually early and late in his career.

The first reliable works of Shakespeare are Richard III and interpretation three parts of Henry VI, written in description early 1590s during a vogue for historical representation. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, even, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming infer the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Monarch first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of frangible or corrupt rule and have been interpreted monkey a justification for the origins of the Choreographer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by say publicly works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Dramatist and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of antiquated drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Drollery of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of decency Shrew has been found, though it has apartment house identical plot but different wording as another cavort with a similar name. Like The Two Upper crust of Verona, in which two friends appear cue approve of rape, the Shrew's story of excellence taming of a woman's independent spirit by swell man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight understudy plots and precise comic sequences, give way occupy the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of fulfil most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is on the rocks witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and mirthful lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally fancied The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal censure the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects authoritative Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to contemporary audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Clamour About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking curst Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost totally in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into nobility histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Get ready 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Monarch Hal. His characters become more complex and submission as he switches deftly between comic and straight-faced scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the conte variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged girlhood, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According concurrence Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary exploits, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act place writing, began to infuse each other".