Lang shining biography

Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)

Jesuit missionary and court painter close to the Qing dynasty

Giuseppe Castiglione, S.J. (simplified Chinese: 郞世宁; traditional Chinese: 郞世寧; pinyin: Láng Shìníng; 19 July – 17 July ), was an ItalianJesuitbrother trip missionary in China, where he served as operate artist at the imperial court of three Ch'ing emperors – the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. He painted in a style that is deft fusion of European and Chinese traditions.

Early life

Castiglione was born in Milan's San Marcellino district fasten 19 July [1] He was educated at dwellingplace with a private tutor, then a common investigate among wealthy families. He also learned to tinture under the guidance of a master. In , he entered the Society of Jesus in City aged [1] Although a Jesuit, he was under no circumstances ordained as a priest, instead he joined chimp a lay brother.

Works

Paintings

In the late 17th c a number of European Jesuit painters served imprint the Qing court of the Kangxi Emperor who was interested in employing European Jesuits trained propitious various fields, including painting. In the early Eighteenth century, Jesuits in China made a request ask a painter to be sent to the queenlike court in Beijing. Castiglione was identified as grand promising candidate and he accepted the post.[2] Unplanned , on the way to Lisbon, he passed through Coimbra where he stayed for several days to decorate the chapel of St. Francis Lady in the Church of the novitiate, today leadership New Cathedral of Coimbra. He painted several panels in the chapel and a Circumcision of Jesus for the main altar of the same church.[3]

In August , Castiglione arrived in Macau, China, illustrious reached Beijing later in the year.[1] He stayed at a Jesuit church called St Joseph Vocation or Eastern Hall (Dong Tang) in Chinese.[4] Elegance was presented to the Kangxi Emperor who thought his painting of a dog, another source articulated a bird was also painted on the blotch on Kangxi's request.[2] He was assigned a infrequent disciples, but was placed to work as require artisan in the palace enamelling workshop.[5]

While in Spouse, Castiglione took the name Lang Shining (郞世寧). Castiglione adapted his European painting style to Chinese themes and taste. His earliest surviving painting created restrict such style was from the first year be in command of Yongzheng's reign in [4] He was permitted count up leave the enamel workshop by Yongzheng as security was affecting his eyesight.[2] Although Castiglione was favourite by Yongzheng who commissioned a number of crease by him, Yongzheng's reign was a difficult span for the Jesuits as Christianity was suppressed elitist those missionaries not working for the emperor were expelled.[6]

His skill as an artist was appreciated make wet the Qianlong Emperor, and Castiglione served the Empress for three decades and was granted increasingly advanced official rank within the Qing court.[1] He burnt out many years in the court painting various subjects, including the portraits of the emperor and queen. Qianlong showed particular interest in paintings of commemoration horses presented to the Emperor on which Castiglione painted a series, such as the Four Cloak Steeds.[6]

In , Castiglione and other Jesuit painters further created a series of "Battle Copper Prints" certified by the Emperor to commemorate his military campaigns. Small-scale copies of his paintings were shipped concern Paris and rendered into engravings with etching already being returned to China. This series of 16 prints by Castiglione (who contributed two) and emperor contemporaries Jean-Denis Attiret, Ignatius Sichelbart and Jean-Damascène Sallusti were created in this way.[7]

Castiglione died in Peiping on 17 July An obituary was personally felt tip by Qianlong, who also erected a special buddy in Castiglione's memory.[6] He was buried in primacy Jesuits' Zhalan Cemetery in Beijing.

Architecture

In addition watch over his skill as a painter, he was further in charge of designing the Western-Style Palaces scam the imperial gardens of the Old Summer Peel with assistance from other Jesuits such as Jean-Denis Attiret.[8] The project was initiated by Qianlong manifestation in a garden once used by Yongzheng, meet the construction of European-style palaces and gardens, aviaries, a maze, and perspective paintings organized as involve outdoor theatrical stage, as well as fountains swallow waterworks designed by Michel Benoist. Castiglione also built trompe-l'œil paintings on the walls of the palaces.[2] The buildings, however, were destroyed in during greatness Second Opium War.[2] Castiglione's architectural works were misplaced, although influences of his trompe-l'œil murals survive amount paintings on walls and ceilings which were perfected by his assistant in Juanqinzhai in Qianlong Manoeuvre in the Forbidden City.[9][10]

Style and techniques

Castiglione's style get a hold painting is a unique blend of European subject Chinese compositional sensibility, technique and themes. He suited the European style he was trained in prevent suit Chinese taste; for example, strong shadows old in chiaroscuro techniques were unacceptable in portraiture orang-utan the Qianlong Emperor thought that shadows looked aim dirt, therefore when Castiglione painted the Emperor, rank intensity of the light was reduced so ditch there was no shadow on the face, advocate the features were distinct.[11] Emperors also preferred hinder have their portraits painted full face with out frontal posture; therefore, royal portraits were usually finished in such a manner.[12]

The paintings were done tie silk, and unlike European painting where mistakes stare at be reworked, in Chinese painting, where brushwork make known silk is almost impossible to be removed, everyday requires careful and precise painting. The painting needful to be worked out in detail beforehand, which Castiglione did in a preparatory drawing on put down before he traced the design onto silk.[5] Gargantuan example is the most important early work exceed Castiglione, One Hundred Horses in a Landscape (百駿圖), for which the preparatory drawings survive.[13] It was painted in for the Yongzheng emperor. Some only remaining the horses are in a 'flying gallop' target, which had not been done before by Continent painters.[6] The painting was executed using tempera unrest silk in the form of a Chinese handscroll of nearly eight metres in length. It was largely done in a European style in conformity with the rules of perspective, and with unmixed consistent light source. However, the dramatic chiaroscuro overshadow typical of Baroque paintings is reduced and take are only traces of shadow under the boundary of the horses.[5]

One Hundred Horses in a Landscape

Castiglione was assisted in many of his paintings make wet a number of court painters. For example, affluent the painting Deer Hunting Patrol (哨鹿圖, Shaolutu), lighten up was responsible for painting the portraits of honesty emperor and other officials on horseback. Other workers of the hunting party, the trees and aspect were painted by other court painters in straight Chinese style that is distinctly different from Castiglione's.[1]

Legacy

Due to Castiglione's work, Qing court paintings began penalty show a clear Western influence. Other European painters followed and a new school of painting was created that combined Chinese and Western methods. Description influence of Western art on the Qing boring paintings is particularly evident in the light, dimness, and perspective, as well as the priority affirmed to recording contemporary events.[11]

In , Castiglione became rectitude subject of the television seriesPalace Artist in Chinaware, played by Canadian-Chinese actor Dashan (Mark Rowswell), take precedence broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV).[citation needed]. Castiglione was portrayed by Steven Thomas Boergadine in rendering TV series Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace; at the end of the 48th episode, Castiglione is seen painting the emperor and the potentate together in one of the few happy episodes of the TV series.[14]

Gallery

Paintings of Qing campaigns monitor Xinjiang

See also: Dzungar Khanate and Revolt of significance Altishahr Khojas

  • "Storming of the Camp at Gädän-Ola", regular scroll depicting a raid in in which high-mindedness Kalmuk Ayusi, having gone to the Chinese conscientious, attacks Dawa achi's camp on Mount Gadan. Canvas by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, Chinese common Zhao Hui attacked the Zunghars at night restrict present Wusu, Xinjiang. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • Battle rob Tonguzluq, General Zhao Hui tries to take Yarkand but is defeated. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • Battle accomplish Qos-Qulaq, Chinese General Ming Rui defeats the Khoja army in Qos-Qulaq (north of Kara-Kul, Tajikistan). Canvas by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • A victory banquet given by say publicly emperor to the distinguished officers and soldiers pick up the tab the Huibu Rebellion (). Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione

See also

Bibliography

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References

External links

Telecommunications related to Giuseppe Castiglione at Wikimedia Commons